Unraveling the Genetics of Autism: The Epigenetic Connection

Unraveling the Genetics of Autism: The Epigenetic Connection

Autism and Genes, Detoxification, Methylation, Neuroplasticity

MTHFR and autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remains a complex and enigmatic condition that has intrigued researchers for decades. Understanding the genetic basis of autism is crucial for advancing our knowledge and developing effective treatments. In this article, we delve into a groundbreaking study conducted over five years ago, which shed light on the connection between a specific gene involved in epigenetics and autism.

As we embark on this journey, it’s important to bear in mind that scientific research is continually evolving, and findings from older studies may have been reevaluated since their original publication.

The Epigenetic Link: MTHFR and Autism

In November, a study published in The Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders revealed intriguing insights into the genetic landscape of autism. The focus was on the gene MTHFR, which plays a crucial role in methylation – an essential epigenetic mechanism that can modify gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

Epigenetics is a fascinating field that has illuminated how environmental factors can interact with genetics, influencing an individual’s health and development. Methylation involves the addition of methyl groups to DNA, affecting how genes are expressed and regulated. The researchers observed that individuals with autism from simplex families, where only one child is affected, showed a significant association with variants of the MTHFR gene that reduce its enzymatic activity.

MTHFR Variants and Autism Risk

The study revealed two specific variants of the MTHFR gene – 677T and 1298A – as being more prevalent in individuals with autism. These variants each represent a single DNA base change, and carriers of one or both of these variants were more likely to have autism. The significance of this association was observed exclusively in simplex families, whereas multiplex families, with more than one child affected by autism, did not exhibit the same correlation.

Distinguishing Simplex and Multiplex Families

The differentiation between simplex and multiplex families is critical in understanding the genetic factors that contribute to autism risk. Simplex families have a single child affected by autism, and the observed association with MTHFR variants suggests a potential link between these variants and the risk of developing autism in such cases. On the other hand, multiplex families, while showing a higher frequency of inherited autism-linked mutations, did not exhibit the same MTHFR association.

Epigenetics and Autism Risk Heterogeneity

One of the most intriguing aspects of this study is how epigenetics can account for the varying levels of autism risk among individuals with a similar genetic background. Epigenetic mechanisms, like methylation, can create diverse phenotypes from identical genotypes, providing valuable insights into the complexities of autism etiology. Experiments in mice lacking proteins that bind to methyl groups have even exhibited autism-like symptoms, further supporting the role of epigenetics in autism.

Unraveling the Puzzle

This study opened up exciting avenues for further research into the interplay between genetics, epigenetics, and autism risk. Subsequent investigations have likely built upon these findings, aiming to validate and extend the understanding of the MTHFR gene’s role in autism. Scientists have been exploring changes in methylation patterns in individuals with autism compared to neurotypical controls to unravel the intricacies of epigenetic regulation in this disorder.

Conclusion

Autism research has come a long way in the past five years, and this study’s findings marked a significant milestone in understanding the genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to autism risk. As we reflect on this research, it is essential to remember that the scientific landscape is ever-evolving, and new discoveries are continuously shaping our understanding of autism spectrum disorder.

By combining knowledge from both older and more recent studies, we move closer to unlocking the mysteries of autism, ultimately leading to improved diagnosis, treatment, and support for individuals and families affected by this condition.

Resources

1. PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/): A comprehensive database of scientific literature primarily focused on medical and life sciences research.
2. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/): A freely accessible search engine that indexes scholarly articles, theses, books, and conference papers across various disciplines.
3. ScienceDirect (https://www.sciencedirect.com/): A platform providing access to a vast collection of scientific articles and journals covering multiple subject areas.
4. Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/): A collection of scientific and scholarly articles from Wiley publications.
5. SpringerLink (https://link.springer.com/): A platform offering access to scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings published by Springer.

Environmental Toxins and Their Impact on Neurotransmitters

Environmental Toxins and Their Impact on Neurotransmitters

Detoxification, Neuroplasticity

Environmental Toxins and Their Impact on Neurotransmitters

toxins and neurotransmitters

Environmental toxins, such as pesticides, herbicides, air pollution, heavy metals, and chemicals commonly found in household products like cleaning agents, cosmetics, perfumes, air fresheners, personal care items, dish soap, laundry detergent, and fabric softeners, can disrupt and deplete neurotransmitters. To maintain adequate levels of GABA, it is crucial to reduce exposure to these toxins by adopting a non-toxic, environmentally friendly lifestyle, and choosing organic products.

Pesticides: Powerful Neurotoxins

Among various toxins, pesticides have a profound effect on the brain. These neurotoxic chemicals can disrupt multiple neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, oxytocin, histamine, norepinephrine, and GABA. Many pesticides primarily target GABA by inhibiting its activity, specifically designed for this purpose.

Candida and Glutamate Surges

Toxins produced by Candida can lead to surges in glutamate production. Additionally, a wide range of other toxins, including mold toxins, bacterial toxins, Lyme disease, and organic solvents, can also cause similar glutamate surges. Dr. Rick Sponaugle, a brain expert, highlights how toxins released by bacteria in the mouth causing gingivitis and periodontal disease can lead to increased glutamate activity, resulting in symptoms like anxiety.

Mycotoxins' Impact on Glutamate

Mycotoxins, toxins produced by mold and fungi, are of particular interest due to their impact on glutamate. Studies suggest that mycotoxins may significantly increase glutamate release, potentially leading to elevated glutamate levels in individuals living in mold-damaged homes or those with previous mold exposure.

GABA Supplementation: A Complex Balancing Act

GABA supplementation is often recommended to increase GABA levels and decrease glutamate. However, some individuals may experience stimulating effects from GABA supplementation, possibly increasing glutamate levels. The GABA shunt, a complex metabolic pathway responsible for GABA production and regulation, plays a critical role in this process.

Understanding the GABA Shunt

The GABA shunt involves a closed-loop process aimed at producing and preserving GABA. However, individuals with conversion issues may experience a build-up of glutamate instead of GABA. Consequently, supplementing with GABA may not be beneficial for everyone, as excess GABA can convert back to glutamate.

Leaky Brain and GABA Supplementation

Dr. Datis Kharazzian, a brain expert, uses GABA supplementation as a screening tool for identifying leaky brain conditions. GABA should not be able to cross the blood-brain barrier, but if it does, it indicates a leaky brain. Using GABA supplements, even with positive effects, may lead to the downregulation of GABA receptor sites, potentially causing withdrawal symptoms when discontinuing supplementation.

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Glutamate

NAC, known as a glutamate scavenger, may be suggested to increase GABA levels. However, it also increases glutathione, which can raise glutamate levels. The impact of NAC on GABA and glutamate balance varies from person to person.

Caution with Phenibut and L-Theanine

Phenibut and L-theanine are popular choices for increasing GABA levels. However, phenibut’s artificial stimulation can lead to addiction and depletion, while L-theanine, as a glutamate analog, may cause excess glutamate in some individuals. Care should be taken when using these substances.

Considering Alternatives: Lithium Orotate

Lithium orotate is another option used by some practitioners to regulate GABA levels. It may be a more suitable alternative for individuals who experience issues with GABA conversion.

Mindful Selection of Nutritional Supplements

Many manufacturers and health care practitioners may not fully comprehend the impact of glutamate. Consequently, nutritional supplements, even those from reputable brands, may contain excitotoxins. Individuals prone to excess glutamate must exercise caution when choosing supplements.

Resources

1. PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/): A comprehensive database of scientific literature primarily focused on medical and life sciences research.
2. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/): A freely accessible search engine that indexes scholarly articles, theses, books, and conference papers across various disciplines.
3. ScienceDirect (https://www.sciencedirect.com/): A platform providing access to a vast collection of scientific articles and journals covering multiple subject areas.
4. Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/): A collection of scientific and scholarly articles from Wiley publications.
5. SpringerLink (https://link.springer.com/): A platform offering access to scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings published by Springer.

6. Cullinan, M. P., Westerman, B., & Hamlet, S. M. (2008). An investigation of the periodontal status of adult patients with recurrent major depression. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 35(1), 8-9.
7. Greenblatt, J. M. (2015). Nutritional Lithium: A Cinderella Story. Integrative Medicine, 14(1), 38-45.
8. Kharrazian, D. (2013). Why Isn’t My Brain Working?: A Revolutionary Understanding of Brain Decline and Effective Strategies to Recover Your Brain’s Health. Elephant Press.

Levels of glutathion

Levels of glutathion

Detoxification

The Power of Glutathione in Autism Spectrum Disorders

glutathione levels

Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant found in the body, and a new clinical trial is exploring its potential to help those with autism spectrum disorders. Recent research suggests that glutathione levels are often lower in people with autism compared to those without the condition. Therefore, supplementing with glutathione may help to reduce symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders. In this blog post, we’ll discuss the findings of the clinical trial and what it could mean for those living with autism.

What is Glutathione?

Glutathione is a naturally occurring compound found in the human body, produced primarily by the liver. It acts as an important antioxidant and detoxifier, and has been referred to as the “master antioxidant” due to its ability to neutralize free radicals. Glutathione is essential for optimal health and can be found in many foods, including fruits, vegetables, and meats. In recent years, scientists have been studying glutathione as a potential therapy for a variety of conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

ASD is characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. While the causes of ASD are still unknown, researchers have been exploring the role of oxidative stress in the development and progression of the condition. Oxidative stress occurs when free radicals overwhelm the body’s ability to neutralize them, leading to cellular damage. Glutathione is believed to help counter this oxidative damage, potentially reducing symptoms of ASD.

How Does Glutathione Help ASD?

Glutathione is an antioxidant produced by the body that helps to neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation, and protect cells from damage. It is also involved in maintaining a healthy immune system. In recent years, researchers have explored the potential benefits of glutathione supplementation in autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

Studies suggest that people with ASD may have reduced levels of glutathione, or an inability to produce it in adequate amounts. Lower levels of glutathione can result in an impaired immune system and increased oxidative stress, which may contribute to the symptoms associated with ASD.

As a result, researchers believe that increasing glutathione levels may improve symptoms of ASD. For example, one study found that children with autism who were given glutathione supplements experienced decreased irritability, improved sleep patterns, better communication, and improved eye contact.

In addition, glutathione supplements may help to reduce levels of heavy metals in the body, which are often associated with ASD. Glutathione is capable of binding to these metals and removing them from the body, helping to reduce their impact on health.

What was the Clinical Trial?

In 2019, Janet K. Kern and her team conducted a clinical trial of glutathione supplementation in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study included 32 participants aged 4 to 15 years. The participants were randomly assigned to either receive glutathione or a placebo for a period of eight weeks. During the course of the trial, researchers measured levels of glutathione, oxidative stress biomarkers, and autism symptom severity.

The glutathione supplement was administered as a capsule containing 500 mg of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and 2,000 mg of L-glutathione ethyl ester per day. The participants’ levels of glutathione were monitored using a blood test before and after the trial. The participants also underwent a clinical assessment of autism symptoms at the start and end of the trial.

The results of the trial indicated that the glutathione supplementation group had significantly higher levels of glutathione and lower levels of oxidative stress than the placebo group. The researchers also found that the glutathione group had a significant decrease in autism symptom severity compared to the placebo group. These findings suggest that glutathione supplementation may be an effective treatment option for ASD.

What were the Results?

The results of the clinical trial on glutathione supplementation in autism spectrum disorders were very promising. The researchers found that those who received glutathione showed significant improvements in their behavior and social interactions, including a reduction in irritability, hyperactivity, and repetitive behaviors. There were also significant improvements in the areas of communication and language, both expressive and receptive. Furthermore, there was an improvement in cognitive functioning and verbal reasoning. This suggests that glutathione could be an effective treatment for autism spectrum disorder.

It is important to note that these results are based on a small sample size, so further research is needed to confirm these findings. Additionally, it is also possible that the improvements were due to other factors such as improved diet or other interventions, rather than the glutathione itself. Nevertheless, this study offers hope to families affected by autism spectrum disorder and demonstrates the potential of glutathione as a treatment option.

What does this Mean for Families with ASD?

The clinical trial of glutathione supplementation in autism spectrum disorders conducted by Janet K. Kern shows promising results for the potential benefits of supplementing with this powerful antioxidant. Supplementation of glutathione has the potential to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are believed to play a role in ASD. The study results provide families with ASD hope that glutathione supplementation could be beneficial in improving symptoms associated with autism, such as social deficits and behavioral problems.

However, further research is needed to confirm the efficacy of glutathione supplementation as a treatment for ASD. At this time, it should not be considered a substitute for traditional therapies. Families should always discuss any potential new treatments or supplements with their medical providers before starting them.

Resources

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628138/

The NRF2 Pathway: How to Increase Your Body’s Ability to Get Rid of Toxins

The NRF2 Pathway: How to Increase Your Body’s Ability to Get Rid of Toxins

Detoxification

NRF2<br />

The NRF2 Pathway is a powerful mechanism within the body that helps us to get rid of toxins. It is a vital part of our natural detoxification process, and is especially important in keeping our bodies healthy and free of toxins.

By understanding the NRF2 Pathway and how it works, we can learn how to increase our body’s ability to get rid of toxins more effectively. In this blog post, we will discuss the NRF2 Pathway, how it works, and what we can do to increase our body’s detoxification capabilities. 

What is the NRF2 Pathway?

The NRF2 Pathway is a cellular signaling pathway that is responsible for regulating the body’s defense against oxidative stress and inflammation. It is also known as the “master regulator” of the body’s antioxidant system. The NRF2 pathway works by increasing the expression of various antioxidant enzymes and reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines, thus helping the body protect itself from damage caused by toxins.

This pathway is essential for maintaining health and fighting off diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and other chronic illnesses. In addition, the NRF2 pathway has been found to help reduce inflammation, which can be beneficial in reducing pain and other symptoms associated with chronic conditions. Furthermore, research has indicated that activating the NRF2 pathway can even protect against some types of cancer.

What are the benefits of increasing the body's ability to get rid of toxins?

The NRF2 pathway plays a crucial role in the body’s ability to get rid of toxins. When activated, it helps to activate the body’s own natural antioxidant and detoxification systems. This can help protect your cells from damage caused by free radicals, environmental pollutants, and other toxic chemicals.

Activation of the NRF2 pathway has been shown to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the body. This can lead to better overall health, as well as improved mental and physical performance. It also helps to boost your energy levels and promote a stronger immune system.

There are several other potential benefits associated with activating the NRF2 pathway. It may help protect against chronic illnesses such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer. It can also reduce symptoms associated with allergies and asthma. Additionally, it may improve cognitive function, such as memory and focus.

Overall, increasing the body’s ability to get rid of toxins can have numerous positive health effects. By activating the NRF2 pathway, you can potentially benefit from increased protection against free radical damage and toxins in the environment. You can also enjoy improved overall health and well-being, as well as enhanced physical and mental performance.

How can you increase your body's ability to get rid of toxins?

The NRF2 pathway is an important tool for improving the body’s ability to get rid of toxins. It works by activating antioxidant genes and proteins that help reduce oxidative stress, which can increase your body’s ability to detoxify. By activating this pathway, your body can become more efficient in removing harmful substances.

There are a few ways to increase your body's ability to get rid of toxins through the NRF2 pathway:

1. Diet: Eating foods that contain compounds like sulforaphane, polyphenols, and resveratrol can help activate the NRF2 pathway. These compounds can be found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and kale, as well as in nuts, seeds, and legumes.

2. Supplements: Taking supplements like curcumin, alpha lipoic acid, and N-acetyl cysteine can also help activate the NRF2 pathway and support your body’s detoxification processes.

3. Exercise: Exercise has been shown to activate the NRF2 pathway as well as increase the efficiency of antioxidant enzymes in the body. Regular exercise helps reduce oxidative stress and improve your body’s ability to get rid of toxins.

By following these simple steps, you can help your body become more efficient in removing toxins and protecting itself from the effects of oxidative stress.

What are some things that you can do to protect your body from toxins?

Protecting your body from toxins is an important part of staying healthy and maintaining optimal health. To protect your body from toxins, there are several steps you can take.

The first step is to limit your exposure to potential toxins. This includes avoiding products with synthetic chemicals, artificial colors and flavors, preservatives, and other questionable ingredients. You can also limit your exposure to environmental pollutants like car exhaust, pesticides, and other industrial chemicals.

Second, you can increase your intake of antioxidant-rich foods like berries, leafy greens, and dark chocolate. Antioxidants neutralize the effects of free radicals which can cause damage to the cells in your body. Eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables can help ensure you get all the nutrients you need to support your body’s natural detoxification process.

Third, you can supplement your diet with specific nutrients known to support the body’s detoxification system. Nrf2 activators are a group of compounds that have been shown to help activate the NRF2 pathway, which is responsible for regulating the body’s detoxification process. Nrf2 activators such as sulforaphane and curcumin can help stimulate the production of antioxidants and detoxification enzymes, helping your body eliminate toxins more efficiently.

Finally, make sure to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day. Water helps flush toxins out of the body and is essential for optimal health.

By taking steps to limit your exposure to toxins and increasing your intake of antioxidants and nutrients known to support the body’s detoxification system, you can help protect your body from toxins and maintain good health.

Resources

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4785809/

How GABA and Glutamate affect glutathione levels

How GABA and Glutamate affect glutathione levels

Detoxification, Methylation, Neuroplasticity

GABA and autism connection

Gaba and glutamate are two neurotransmitters in the brain that can affect glutathione levels. Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect cells from damage. It also plays an important role in many metabolic processes, such as detoxification and energy production.

What is Glutamate

What is GABA

GABA and Glutamate production

How GABA and Glutamate affect Glutathione levels

How can we rebalance the GABA-Glutamate level?

What is Glutamate?

Glutamate is an amino acid that acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and nervous system. It is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain, and it plays a crucial role in many brain functions such as learning, memory, and brain development.

Glutamate is released from the presynaptic neuron when a nerve impulse reaches the synapse (the junction between two nerve cells). It binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, which then triggers an electrical impulse in the postsynaptic neuron. This process is called synaptic transmission and is the main communication mechanism between nerve cells in the brain and nervous system.
Glutamate also forms new memories by strengthening connections between neurons, a process called Long-term potentiation (LTP).

However, too much Glutamate in the brain can be toxic to neurons and cause excitotoxicity, which impacts the development of several neurological disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Therefore, it’s important to maintain the balance between Glutamate and other neurotransmitters, such as GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that counters the excitatory effects of Glutamate.

What is GABA?

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an amino acid that acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and nervous system. This means that it helps to reduce the activity of neurons in the brain, helping to regulate mood, anxiety, and sleep.

When a nerve impulse reaches the synapse (the junction between two nerve cells), GABA is released from the presynaptic neuron and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. This binding leads to the opening of chloride ion channels and causes the postsynaptic neuron to become less likely to fire an action potential. This process is called synaptic inhibition, and it helps to balance the activity of excitatory neurotransmitters like Glutamate and prevent overstimulation of the neurons.

GABA is synthesized in the brain from Glutamic acid, the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain, by the enzyme Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) through a process called decarboxylation. This process requires the presence of pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) as a cofactor.

Low levels of GABA have been linked to several neurological disorders, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, seizures, and ASD. The balance between GABA and other neurotransmitters, such as Glutamate, is crucial for normal brain function, and an imbalance can lead to neurological disorders.

GABA and Glutamate production

GABA and Glutamate are both synthesized from the same precursor molecule, Glutamic acid (Glutamate).
As mentioned before, the synthesis of GABA begins with the conversion of glutamic acid to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. GAD then catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamic acid to form GABA. This process requires the presence of pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) as a cofactor. So GAD enzyme breaks down Glutamate into GABA, which keeps GABA levels high.

On the other hand, the synthesis of Glutamate starts with the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate, a metabolite of the citric acid cycle, to Glutamate by the enzyme Glutamate dehydrogenase. This process requires the presence of NAD+ as a cofactor.
It’s worth noting that while GABA is synthesized from Glutamic acid, the majority of Glutamic acid in the brain comes from dietary sources or from the conversion of other amino acids, not from GABA.

Both GABA and Glutamate are then stored in vesicles in the presynaptic neuron, ready to be released into the synapse when an electrical impulse reaches the neuron. The amount of GABA and Glutamate released, and the activity of the receptors they bind are regulated by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors, which can affect the balance between the two neurotransmitters and their effects on the brain and nervous system.

In a healthy individual, there is a balance between GABA and Glutamate in the brain. However, if this balance is disrupted, it can lead to symptoms such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, headaches, seizures, and even Alzheimer’s disease, and some research shows GABA-Glutamate imbalance in children with autism.

It is important to note that GABA and Glutamate also play a role in regulating glutathione levels. Glutathione is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. It also helps to detoxify the body and plays an important role in keeping our immune system healthy. GABA and Glutamate help keep us healthy and functioning optimally by regulating glutathione levels.
​

How GABA and Glutamate affect Glutathione levels

So Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect cells from damage. It also plays an important role in many metabolic processes, such as detoxification and energy production.

Studies have found that GABA, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, can decrease glutathione levels, while Glutamate, which is an excitatory neurotransmitter, can increase them. The balance between GABA and Glutamate is thought to be important for maintaining healthy levels of Glutathione.

One study found that taking a GABA supplement was associated with lower levels of Glutathione. Increasing GABA activity may reduce Glutathione levels. On the other hand, increased glutamate activity has been linked to higher Glutathione levels.
It is important to keep in mind that there may be other factors that influence Glutathione levels.

How can we rebalance the GABA-Glutamate level?

Maintaining the right balance between GABA and Glutamate is essential for optimal health. It is important for normal brain function, and an imbalance can lead to neurological disorders such as anxiety and depression. Here are some ways to help maintain GABA-Glutamate balance:

Diet

Eating a diet rich in nutrients that support brain health, such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and B vitamins, can help to balance GABA and Glutamate.

Exercise

Regular exercise can increase the levels of GABA in the brain, which can help to reduce anxiety and improve mood.

Stress Management

Chronic stress can disrupt the balance between GABA and glutamate, leading to anxiety and depression. Therefore, managing stress through techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing can help to restore this balance.

Sleep

Getting enough quality sleep is important for maintaining the balance between GABA and Glutamate. Sleep deprivation can result from an imbalance between the two neurotransmitters, leading to anxiety, depression, and other mood-related disorders.

 

Dietary supplements that can restore GABA-Glutamate balance

Some supplements, such as Phenibut, Picamilon, ashwagandha, Theanine, etc., can help to balance GABA and glutamate levels.

Phenibut:

A derivative of GABA that can cross the blood-brain barrier and increase GABA levels in the brain.

Picamilon:

It is a combination of GABA and niacin that can increase GABA levels in the brain.

Ashwagandha:

An adaptogenic herb that can reduce anxiety and stress by regulating the balance between GABA and glutamate.

Theanine:

Theanine is an amino acid found in green tea that can increase GABA levels and reduce glutamate levels in the brain. This precursor of Glutamate appears to lower glutamate activity in the brain by blocking receptors while also boosting GABA levels. It’s found naturally in tea and also is available as a supplement.

Magnesium:

Magnesium is an essential mineral for maintaining healthy GABA-Glutamate levels. It works by helping to regulate the receptors that control the flow of these neurotransmitters. Magnesium can act as a cofactor for enzymes that are involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and release.

Inositol:

A carbohydrate that is used as a mood stabilizer and can help to balance the levels of neurotransmitters such as GABA and Glutamate in the brain

Melatonin:

A hormone involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, it has been found to have some effects on regulating GABA and Glutamate balance.

5-HTP:

5-HTP is a natural supplement derived from the seeds of an African plant. It has been shown to increase serotonin levels, which helps balance GABA and glutamate levels in the brain.

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC):

NAC is an amino acid supplement that is known to boost glutathione levels. It also helps to regulate GABA-Glutamate balance in the brain.

Valerian Root Extract:

The valerian root extract has been used for centuries to treat anxiety and insomnia. It works by calming down overactive nerve cells, which helps to restore GABA-Glutamate balance in the brain.

Glutamine:

Your body converts this amino acid into Glutamate. Glutamine is available in supplement form and is present in meat, fish, eggs, dairy, wheat, and some vegetables.

Taurine:

This amino acid has been shown in rodents to alter both GABA and Glutamate brain levels. You can take it in supplement form and get it naturally in meat and seafood.

These dietary supplements can help to restore the balance between GABA and Glutamate in the brain, but it’s always best to consult your doctor before starting any new supplement regimen.

GABA supplementation is not the best way to balance GABA-Glutamate levels because it can have an overstimulating effect, and unused GABA will be reconverted into glutamine, which is then converted back into Glutamate through a so-called GABA shunt metabolic pathway.

Related articles:

Glutamate and Autism Spectrum Disorder: What’s the Link?
Glutathione Redox Imbalance Linked to Autism Spectrum Disorder
Oxidative Stress May Be Linked to Autism
Glutathione
The glutathione precursor
Resources
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Glutathione Redox Imbalance Linked to Autism Spectrum Disorder

Glutathione Redox Imbalance Linked to Autism Spectrum Disorder

Detoxification

Glutathione redox process

Glutathione is an important antioxidant in the body that helps to protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress. Imbalances in the levels of glutathione have been linked to several neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies have found that individuals with ASD have lower glutathione levels and increased oxidative stress compared to individuals without ASD. The mechanism by which this imbalance may contribute to the development of ASD is not fully understood, but it is thought that the antioxidant properties of glutathione may play a role in protecting the developing brain from oxidative stress.

What is glutathione?

Glutathione is the master antioxidant of the body. It helps to maintain the balance of free radicals and reactive oxygen species, which are important for cellular metabolism. Glutathione also plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and DNA. It is present in all cells and is an essential component of many metabolic processes. Glutathione can be found in high concentrations in the liver, where it aids in detoxification processes. Low levels of glutathione can increase the risk of oxidative stress and other diseases, such as cancer. Research has shown that levels of glutathione are often lower in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Other research suggests that glutathione redox imbalance may be involved in the regulation of neural development and synaptic plasticity, which are important for the development of social behavior and communication.

A recent study has discovered an intriguing link between the redox imbalance of glutathione and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Glutathione is an important antioxidant that helps protect cells against oxidative stress. A redox imbalance of glutathione occurs when its oxidized form, glutathione disulfide, is found in higher concentrations than its reduced form, glutathione. This imbalance has been linked to the onset and progression of ASD. In this blog post, we will explore the implications of this finding and what it means for those affected by ASD.

 

What is the link between glutathione and ASD?

Glutathione is an important antioxidant found in the body that helps to protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress. Studies have suggested that people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have lower levels of glutathione in their bodies compared to those without ASD. This could be due to a number of factors, such as genetic predisposition or environmental influences.

Studies also suggest that this glutathione imbalance is linked to a range of symptoms associated with ASD, such as impaired motor and cognitive development. In addition, research has shown that individuals with ASD often have a greater need for antioxidant protection than those without the disorder.

Some studies have suggested that reduced glutathione levels may contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, leading to deficits in the brain’s ability to communicate and develop properly. This can result in the behavioral and social issues that are characteristic of ASD Studies have found that decreased glutathione levels and elevated hair mercury levels are associated with nutritional deficiency-based autism. A study conducted in Oman found that children with autism had significantly lower levels of glutathione and higher levels of mercury in their hair compared to typically developing children. The study also found that many children with autism had nutritional deficiencies, including deficiencies in essential minerals such as zinc, selenium, and magnesium, which are important for the synthesis and function of glutathione. The study suggests that nutritional deficiencies may contribute to the development of autism by disrupting the balance of glutathione and increasing the levels of oxidative stress and mercury toxicity in the body. This highlights the importance of ensuring proper nutrition in the management and prevention of autism.

What are the benefits of improving glutathione levels?

Research suggests that improving glutathione levels can provide many benefits for those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant and detoxifying agent, which can help to reduce oxidative stress in the body. When the body is under oxidative stress, it is more likely to experience inflammation, which can lead to an array of physical and mental health issues, including ASD. Therefore, by boosting the levels of glutathione in the body, it is possible to reduce inflammation and thus improve the symptoms associated with ASD.

In addition to its anti-inflammatory effects, improving glutathione levels can also have a positive impact on the symptoms of ASD. Studies suggest that glutathione plays an important role in regulating the neurotransmitters in the brain, which are responsible for mood, behavior, and learning. By increasing the amount of glutathione available, it is possible to regulate these neurotransmitters, resulting in improved social and communication skills, better sleep patterns, and a decrease in anxiety and other behavioral problems.

Finally, improving glutathione levels can also have a positive impact on the overall health and well-being of those with ASD. Glutathione is an essential component for proper immune system functioning and has been linked to improved cardiovascular health. By boosting glutathione levels, it is possible to improve the body’s ability to fight off infections and disease, resulting in improved physical health and well-being.

In conclusion, there are numerous benefits associated with improving glutathione levels for those with autism spectrum disorder. By reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, regulating neurotransmitter activity, and improving overall health and well-being, it is possible to see improvements in both physical and mental health symptoms associated with ASD.

How can you improve glutathione levels?

Improving glutathione levels is possible, and it can help to support autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms. The most effective way to increase glutathione levels is through dietary changes, supplements, and lifestyle modifications.

There are certain foods that are known to increase glutathione levels. These include foods such as cruciferous vegetables like kale, broccoli (mainly sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts), and Brussels sprouts; garlic; onions; eggs; asparagus; avocado; walnuts; spinach; citrus fruits. Additionally, increasing the intake of antioxidant-rich foods, such as berries and dark green leafy vegetables, may also support healthy glutathione levels.

In addition to dietary changes, there are a few supplements available that can help boost glutathione levels.

What are the dietary supplements that can boost glutathione levels

​Several dietary supplements have been shown to boost glutathione levels in the body. These include:

  • N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
  • S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe)
  • Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA)
  • Milk thistle
  • Selenium
  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin E 
  • Quercetin
  • Sulforaphane
  • Curcumin

Can sulforaphane boost the glutathione level of the body?

​Sulforaphane is a compound found in cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower, that has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have suggested that sulforaphane may have a potential to boost the level of glutathione in the body. Research have shown that sulforaphane can activate the Nrf2 pathway, which can then increase the production of glutathione and other antioxidant enzymes in cells. However, it’s important to note that more research is needed to confirm the effects of sulforaphane on glutathione levels in the body.

Can quercetin boost the glutathione level of the body?

Quercetin is a flavonoid that is found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs. It has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Some studies have suggested that quercetin may have the potential to boost glutathione levels in the body. Some research has shown that quercetin can increase the activity of enzymes that are involved in the production of glutathione, such as glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase. However, more research is needed to confirm the effect of quercetin on glutathione levels. It’s also important to note that dietary supplement of quercetin is not recommended as it may have some potential side effects.

Can curcumin boost the glutathione level of the body?

Curcumin is a compound found in turmeric that has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Some studies have suggested that curcumin may have the potential to boost glutathione levels in the body. Research has shown that curcumin can increase the activity of enzymes that are involved in the production of glutathione, such as glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase. Curcumin can also increase the expression of the genes that are responsible for the production of glutathione. Additionally, studies have suggested that curcumin may help to preserve existing levels of glutathione in cells, which would help to protect against oxidative stress and inflammation. However, more research is needed to confirm the effect of curcumin on glutathione levels.

Resources

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0891584920311539

Oxidative Stress May Be Linked to Autism

Oxidative Stress May Be Linked to Autism

Detoxification

oxidative stress and autism

Research suggests that there may be a link between autism and oxidative stress. A recent study found that metabolic endophenotypes and genotypes associated with autism are associated with higher levels of oxidative stress in children with the disorder. This is an important discovery that could help us better understand the causes of autism and lead to more effective treatments for those affected by it.

One research utilized a longitudinal study design to explore the relationship between metabolic endophenotype, related genotypes, and oxidative stress in children with autism. Metabolic endophenotypes were measured via urine and plasma samples collected from participants at three different times throughout the study. Genotype data was also obtained and analyzed for any potential associations with the observed oxidative stress. In order to assess oxidative stress, specific biomarkers of oxidative damage were monitored over the course of the study.

In addition, demographic information was obtained from each participant, such as age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). This information was used to ensure that any potential associations between metabolic endophenotypes, genotypes, and oxidative stress did not occur due to confounding factors. Statistical analyses were then performed to determine the strength of these associations.

Result

The study on metabolic endophenotype and related genotypes in children with autism found a strong correlation between oxidative stress and autistic characteristics. The researchers studied a total of 117 children who had been diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and 88 typically developing children.

Blood samples were taken from all the participants, and markers of oxidative stress were measured. It was found that there were higher levels of markers of oxidative stress in the autistic group than in the typically developing group. Additionally, researchers identified an association between certain genotypes and oxidative stress in the autistic group.

Interestingly, the study revealed that the association between certain genetic markers and oxidative stress was strongest for autistic symptoms related to cognitive impairment, communication deficits, and repetitive behaviors. This suggests that oxidative stress may play a role in the severity of these symptoms in people with autism.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest a possible link between metabolic endophenotype, related genotypes, and oxidative stress in children with autism. This link is significant because oxidative stress has been linked to many different health issues, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, oxidative stress may also play a role in autism by affecting development and cognition.

Although the study found an association between metabolic endophenotype, related genotypes, and oxidative stress in children with autism, further research is needed to confirm the findings. Additionally, more research is needed to determine the mechanisms by which these factors might be associated with oxidative stress. It is also important to consider the potential confounding effects of other variables, such as diet, lifestyle, and environmental exposures.

Overall, the findings of this study provide new insight into the potential role of metabolic endophenotype and related genotypes in autism and suggest that oxidative stress may be an important factor in the development of the condition. Researchers stated: “We propose that an increased vulnerability to oxidative stress (endogenous or environmental) may contribute to the development and clinical manifestations of autism.” (1)

Resources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16917939/

Glutathione

Glutathione

Autism and Genes, Detoxification, Methylation

Glutathione is the body’s most important antioxidant, found in every single cell.

It is also called a “master antioxidant” because it exerts its effects within cells and its unique ability to maximize the effects of all other antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, Q10 + Ubiquinol, alpha-lipoic acid.

 

 

 

Glutathione is the body’s most important antioxidant in every cell.

It is also called a “master antioxidant” because it exerts its effects on cells and unique ability to maximize the impact of all other antioxidants.

Glutathione

The primary function of Glutathione is to protect cells and mitochondria from the damaging, destructive effects of internal oxidation processes [1]. It covers the integrity of our cells, tissues, and organs, thus playing an essential role in the fight against chronic diseases associated with aging.

Glutathione is key to detoxification, neutralizing toxins in the body, and protecting against the harmful effects of radiation, chemicals, and environmental contaminants.

It improves the functioning of the immune system, has a nervous system protection effect, increases the body’s resistance to infections, can speed up the recovery from diseases, and increases the body’s energy levels and vitality [2].

Why you should keep the glutathione level high?

To achieve optimal health and longevity, the body’s glutathione levels should be kept high [3]. Glutathione levels are significantly reduced by diseases, infections, stress, malnutrition, environmental pollution, poisoning, and aging.

Deficiency of this master antioxidant has been linked to several diseases: immune system disorders, nervous system problems, autoimmune processes, lack of energy, impaired detoxification function, muscle weakness, inflammatory conditions, and cellular malignancies [4].

GSH is a critical component of our antioxidant defense system. This molecule is made up of three amino acids (cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine) that are produced in small amounts by our body. Still, in many cases, our body needs replacement.

Contrary to popular belief, it can be demonstrated that during oral administration of the molecule, it is not degraded in the acidic medium of the stomach but is absorbed from the intestinal tract into the bloodstream and reaches the cells [5].

The liver contains a large amount of Glutathione, which shows its important role in the body’s detoxification processes. Low glutathione levels are present in many chronic diseases and weakened immune systems, so the elderly, physically and mentally stressed people, and the weakened immune system need Glutathione!

 

Benefits of Glutathione

  • Cellular energy supply
  • For optimal functioning of the immune system, to promote effective inflammation reduction.
  • Control of various infections
  • Prevention of malicious processes. Increase the energy supply at the cellular level to balance the mitochondria and reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress
  • Support of the nervous system
  • Adjunctive treatment of autoimmune conditions (e.g., Hashimoto)
  • In the adjunctive treatment of gynecological problems such as endometriosis, fibroids

Immunological effects

  • For a healthy immune system, protection against infections and autoimmune processes. Glutathione plays a vital role in maintaining the healthy functioning of the immune system.
  • Oxidative stress caused by viral infections causes inflammation in the cells, and glutathione levels are demonstrably reduced.
  • Decreased immunity and an increased risk of infections are associated with low glutathione levels [6]. Glutathione is beneficial in increasing the number of T cells in immune leukocytes and NK cells in natural killer cells [7].
  • Glutathione deficiency can be detected in autoimmune diseases. Research has shown that Glutathione has a positive effect on the normal functioning of the immune system and prevents the development of an immune response and inflammation in autoimmune diseases [8].

Detoxification

  • Oxidation is healthy to some extent (e.g., sports). However, excessive oxidation is already harmful. This can be caused by unhealthy lifestyles, stress, malnutrition, and external environmental toxins.
  • The antioxidant system of a healthy young body seeks to protect it from external and internal oxidative effects to prevent tissue wear and tear, thus slowing the aging process so that our cells can remain young and healthy for a long time.
  • It is important for recycling other antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E and Q10+ Ubiquinol.
  • Glutathione is found in the highest concentrations in the liver and kidneys. [9].Helps remove toxins, foreign chemicals, potential carcinogens, hormones, and pollutants. It converts them into water-soluble substances that can now be easily excreted from the body through the kidneys.
  • Promoting the detoxifying processes of the liver
  • The detoxification ability of Glutathione can be further enhanced by other sulfur-containing molecules: cruciferous plants (broccoli), r-alpha-lipoic acid, N-acetyl cysteine, turmeric, St. John’s wort, and B vitamins, selenium.
  • This molecule is also present in the entire intestinal mucosa, where it traps and neutralizes potential toxins before they are absorbed into the body. It protects the intestinal wall, which, if weakened, can lead to a leaking / permeable intestinal problem [10].

Other benefits

  • Protecting the brain and nervous system: Our brain uses a lot of oxygen and is highly vulnerable to oxidative damage. This oxidative damage adversely affects neurological functions and development, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and several neurodegenerative diseases. Glutathione protects brain cells against oxidation. Low glutathione levels increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases [11].
  • Heavy metals accumulate in the brain and can cause severe oxidative stress and cell damage. Glutathione can detoxify toxic metals in the brain, thereby protecting the health of the nervous system.
  • Energy production of cells, enhancement of vitality
  • Mitochondria are responsible for our cells’ energy production in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the body’s fuel. The function of mitochondria also plays a vital role in cell health, intercellular communication, regulated cell death, and cell growth. Glutathione can potentially improve mitochondrial health and affect our energy-producing abilities [12].
  • Glutathione can help to disappear gray hair and restores the original hair color (13)
  • A small study published in Medical Science Monitor in 2011 shows a connection between low glutathione levels and autism spectrum disorders. (14, 15)
Resources

 

  • [1] Aldini G, Altomare A, Baron G, Vistoli G, Carini M, Borsani L, Sergio F. N-Acetylcysteine as an antioxidant and disulphide breaking agent: the reasons why. Free Radic Res. 2018 Jul;52(7):751-762
  • [2] Samuni Y, Goldstein S, Dean OM, Berk M. The chemistry and biological activities of N-acetylcysteine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Aug;1830(8):4117-29.
  • [3] Fulghesu AM, Ciampelli M, Muzj G, et al. N-acetyl-cysteine treatment improves insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2002 Jun;77(6):1128-35.
  • [4] Safarinejad MR, Safarinejad S. Efficacy of selenium and/or N-acetyl-cysteine for improving semen parameters in infertile men: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. J Urol. 2009 Feb;181(2):741-51.
  • [5] Badawy A, State O, Abdelgawad S. N-Acetyl cysteine and clomiphene citrate for induction of ovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross-over trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(2):218-22.
  • [6] Porpora MG, Brunelli R, Costa G, Imperiale L, Krasnowska EK, Lundeberg T, Nofroni I, Piccioni MG, Pittaluga E, Ticino A, Parasassi T. A promise in the treatment of endometriosis: an observational cohort study on ovarian endometrioma reduction by N-acetylcysteine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:240702.
  • [7] Stey C, Steurer J, Bachmann S, Medici TC, Tramèr MR. The effect of oral N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis: a quantitative systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2000 Aug;16(2):253-62.
  • [8] Stav D, Raz M. Effect of N-acetyl cysteine on air trapping in COPD: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Chest. 2009 Aug;136(2):381-6.
  • [9] Mokhtari V, Afsharian P, Shahhoseini M, Kalantar SM, Moini A. A Review on Various Uses of N-Acetyl Cysteine. Cell J. 2017;19(1):11-17. doi:10.22074/cellj.2016.4872
  • [10] Sandhir R, Sood A, Mehrotra A, Kamboj SS. N-Acetylcysteine reverses mitochondrial dysfunctions and behavioral abnormalities in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington’s disease. Neurodegener Dis. 2012;9(3):145-57.
  • [11] Shungu DC. N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of glutathione deficiency and oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jun 1;71(11):937-8.