The Intricate Dance of Methylation and the Krebs Cycle: Maintaining GABA and Glutamate Balance for Optimal Health

The Intricate Dance of Methylation and the Krebs Cycle: Maintaining GABA and Glutamate Balance for Optimal Health

Methylation, Neuroplasticity

kerbs cycle-methylation

In the pursuit of a healthy mind and body, maintaining the delicate balance of neurotransmitters is crucial. Two essential neurotransmitters, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and glutamate, play opposite roles in regulating brain activity.

While GABA calms and relaxes the brain, glutamate stimulates brain cells for cognition and memory. Striking the right balance between these neurotransmitters is vital for overall mental and physical well-being. In this article, we will delve into the role of methylation and the Krebs cycle in sustaining GABA and glutamate balance and explore how deficiencies and impairments can lead to imbalances.

Methylation and Its Impact on GABA and Glutamate

Methylation is a complex biochemical process that involves adding a methyl group to various compounds, including DNA, proteins, and neurotransmitters. It plays a significant role in regulating gene expression, detoxification, and the production of essential molecules. In the context of GABA and glutamate balance, methylation is particularly crucial.

Folate, a B-vitamin, is essential for proper methylation. When methylation is impaired due to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, genetic mutations, or imbalances in gut microbiota like Candida overgrowth or SIBO, it can lead to disruptions in GABA and glutamate levels. For instance, if folate is not properly utilized, it can break down into glutamate, potentially leading to elevated levels of excitatory neurotransmitters.

Methylation also affects the GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) enzyme, responsible for converting excess glutamate into GABA. Impairment in the methylation pathway can hinder the suppression of harmful microbes like viruses, allowing them to interfere with the GAD enzyme, leading to imbalanced neurotransmitter levels.

The Krebs Cycle's Vital Role in GABA and Glutamate Balance

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a fundamental metabolic pathway that produces energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells. But its significance doesn’t end there; the Krebs cycle is intricately linked to GABA and glutamate balance.

Firstly, the Krebs cycle is involved in the synthesis of GABA itself. Therefore, proper functioning of this cycle is vital for maintaining sufficient GABA levels. Any impairment in the Krebs cycle, such as deficiencies in B vitamins or exposure to heavy metals and toxins, can disrupt GABA production.

Secondly, the Krebs cycle is connected to methylation, and vice versa, forming a complex interplay between these two processes. Methylation issues can interfere with the Krebs cycle, leading to imbalanced GABA and glutamate levels.

Impairments and Deficiencies Leading to Imbalances

Various factors can contribute to deficiencies and impairments in methylation and the Krebs cycle, affecting GABA and glutamate balance:

1. Nutritional Deficiencies: Lack of essential nutrients like B vitamins (B6 in particular) can hinder proper methylation and disrupt the Krebs cycle, leading to imbalances.

2. Heavy Metal Toxicity: Exposure to heavy metals, such as lead, can interfere with the GAD enzyme and inhibit the Krebs cycle, further affecting GABA and glutamate levels.

3. Genetic Variations: Genetic defects in GAD genes (GAD1 and GAD2) can lead to decreased GABA and increased glutamate production.

4. Viral Infections: Chronic viral infections, like rubella and streptococcus, can interfere with the GAD enzyme, contributing to GABA and glutamate imbalances.

Conclusion

Maintaining a healthy balance of GABA and glutamate is essential for optimal brain function and overall well-being. Methylation and the Krebs cycle play significant roles in this delicate dance between inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters.

Addressing nutritional deficiencies, reducing exposure to heavy metals, and supporting healthy gut function can help improve methylation and the Krebs cycle, leading to balanced GABA and glutamate levels. Seeking professional guidance from a holistic health care practitioner can be invaluable in creating a personalized plan to optimize neurotransmitter balance and support overall health. Remember, a harmonious interplay between methylation and the Krebs cycle can be the key to unlocking the path to a healthier mind and body.

Resources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23838829/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/krebs-cycle

Excessive Neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorders May Be Linked to GABAergic/Glutamatergic Imbalance

Excessive Neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorders May Be Linked to GABAergic/Glutamatergic Imbalance

Methylation, Neuroplasticity

Recent research into autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has indicated that an imbalance between the
neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate may be linked to excessive neuroinflammation. GABA is a
naturally-occurring inhibitory neurotransmitter, while glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter;
when there is an imbalance between the two, it can lead to a variety of neurological problems. This
imbalance in the GABAergic/glutamatergic system has been strongly associated with ASD, suggesting
that neuroinflammation is a key factor in the development of this disorder.

What is Neuroinflammation?

Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory response in the brain that is often caused by an immune
system imbalance. It is characterized by a high presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain,
which can lead to disruption in neuronal function and development. Neuroinflammation is thought
to be an underlying factor in many neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorders
(ASDs).
Recent studies have suggested that neuroinflammation in ASD is due to an imbalance between
GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. GABA and glutamate are two neurotransmitters (chemical
messengers) that control how neurons communicate with each other. In ASD, the balance between
these two neurotransmitters is disrupted, leading to a state of GABA-glutamate imbalance. This
GABA-glutamate imbalance is believed to contribute to neuroinflammation in ASD and may be one of
the factors underlying the development of ASD symptoms.

What is the GABAergic/Glutamatergic System?

The GABAergic/glutamatergic system is the neurotransmission system responsible for regulating
nerve cell excitability. This system is comprised of two main neurotransmitters, Gamma-
Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces the
activity of nerve cells and helps maintain a state of equilibrium within the brain. Glutamate, on the
other hand, is an excitatory neurotransmitter that increases the activity of nerve cells.
An imbalance between these two neurotransmitters can lead to excessive neuronal firing in certain
brain areas, which may contribute to a range of symptoms associated with autism spectrum
disorders (ASD). Studies have found that individuals with ASD tend to have lower levels of GABA and
higher levels of glutamate than those without ASD. This gaba-glutamate imbalance can affect the
communication between neurons and lead to issues with sensory processing, social interaction,
communication, and behavior. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that this imbalance may be
linked to excessive neuroinflammation in those with ASD, further exacerbating the symptoms
associated with the disorder.

How Might an Imbalance Between GABA and Glutamate Contribute to ASD?

There is growing evidence that the GABAergic/glutamatergic system could play an important role in
autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This system, composed of two neurotransmitters, gamma-

aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, has been linked to cognitive and emotional regulation.
Neuroinflammation is one of the processes by which excessive levels of either GABA or glutamate
can contribute to ASD.

Recent research has suggested that neuroinflammation could be a major contributor to the
development of ASD. Neuroinflammation is the body’s response to injury or disease, and it involves
the activation of specialized cells and molecules which can be triggered by factors such as
environmental toxins or infections. Excessive levels of neuroinflammation can lead to a GABA-
glutamate imbalance, where one neurotransmitter is present at higher levels than the other. This
imbalance can then result in symptoms associated with ASD, such as deficits in communication and
social interaction.

Research has also shown that some individuals with ASD have a higher number of certain immune
cells called microglia, which are involved in neuroinflammatory responses. Furthermore, studies have
linked increased levels of certain inflammatory cytokines (molecules involved in inflammation) to
impaired social behaviors in individuals with ASD.
Overall, there is strong evidence to suggest that a GABA-glutamate imbalance caused by excessive
levels of neuroinflammation could contribute to the development of ASD. It is still not known exactly
how this imbalance occurs, but more research is needed to further explore this connection and its
potential implications for those affected by autism spectrum disorder.

How GABA and Glutamate affect glutathione levels

How GABA and Glutamate affect glutathione levels

Detoxification, Methylation, Neuroplasticity

GABA and autism connection

Gaba and glutamate are two neurotransmitters in the brain that can affect glutathione levels. Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect cells from damage. It also plays an important role in many metabolic processes, such as detoxification and energy production.

What is Glutamate

What is GABA

GABA and Glutamate production

How GABA and Glutamate affect Glutathione levels

How can we rebalance the GABA-Glutamate level?

What is Glutamate?

Glutamate is an amino acid that acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and nervous system. It is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain, and it plays a crucial role in many brain functions such as learning, memory, and brain development.

Glutamate is released from the presynaptic neuron when a nerve impulse reaches the synapse (the junction between two nerve cells). It binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, which then triggers an electrical impulse in the postsynaptic neuron. This process is called synaptic transmission and is the main communication mechanism between nerve cells in the brain and nervous system.
Glutamate also forms new memories by strengthening connections between neurons, a process called Long-term potentiation (LTP).

However, too much Glutamate in the brain can be toxic to neurons and cause excitotoxicity, which impacts the development of several neurological disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Therefore, it’s important to maintain the balance between Glutamate and other neurotransmitters, such as GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that counters the excitatory effects of Glutamate.

What is GABA?

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an amino acid that acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and nervous system. This means that it helps to reduce the activity of neurons in the brain, helping to regulate mood, anxiety, and sleep.

When a nerve impulse reaches the synapse (the junction between two nerve cells), GABA is released from the presynaptic neuron and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. This binding leads to the opening of chloride ion channels and causes the postsynaptic neuron to become less likely to fire an action potential. This process is called synaptic inhibition, and it helps to balance the activity of excitatory neurotransmitters like Glutamate and prevent overstimulation of the neurons.

GABA is synthesized in the brain from Glutamic acid, the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain, by the enzyme Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) through a process called decarboxylation. This process requires the presence of pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) as a cofactor.

Low levels of GABA have been linked to several neurological disorders, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, seizures, and ASD. The balance between GABA and other neurotransmitters, such as Glutamate, is crucial for normal brain function, and an imbalance can lead to neurological disorders.

GABA and Glutamate production

GABA and Glutamate are both synthesized from the same precursor molecule, Glutamic acid (Glutamate).
As mentioned before, the synthesis of GABA begins with the conversion of glutamic acid to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. GAD then catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamic acid to form GABA. This process requires the presence of pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) as a cofactor. So GAD enzyme breaks down Glutamate into GABA, which keeps GABA levels high.

On the other hand, the synthesis of Glutamate starts with the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate, a metabolite of the citric acid cycle, to Glutamate by the enzyme Glutamate dehydrogenase. This process requires the presence of NAD+ as a cofactor.
It’s worth noting that while GABA is synthesized from Glutamic acid, the majority of Glutamic acid in the brain comes from dietary sources or from the conversion of other amino acids, not from GABA.

Both GABA and Glutamate are then stored in vesicles in the presynaptic neuron, ready to be released into the synapse when an electrical impulse reaches the neuron. The amount of GABA and Glutamate released, and the activity of the receptors they bind are regulated by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors, which can affect the balance between the two neurotransmitters and their effects on the brain and nervous system.

In a healthy individual, there is a balance between GABA and Glutamate in the brain. However, if this balance is disrupted, it can lead to symptoms such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, headaches, seizures, and even Alzheimer’s disease, and some research shows GABA-Glutamate imbalance in children with autism.

It is important to note that GABA and Glutamate also play a role in regulating glutathione levels. Glutathione is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. It also helps to detoxify the body and plays an important role in keeping our immune system healthy. GABA and Glutamate help keep us healthy and functioning optimally by regulating glutathione levels.
​

How GABA and Glutamate affect Glutathione levels

So Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect cells from damage. It also plays an important role in many metabolic processes, such as detoxification and energy production.

Studies have found that GABA, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, can decrease glutathione levels, while Glutamate, which is an excitatory neurotransmitter, can increase them. The balance between GABA and Glutamate is thought to be important for maintaining healthy levels of Glutathione.

One study found that taking a GABA supplement was associated with lower levels of Glutathione. Increasing GABA activity may reduce Glutathione levels. On the other hand, increased glutamate activity has been linked to higher Glutathione levels.
It is important to keep in mind that there may be other factors that influence Glutathione levels.

How can we rebalance the GABA-Glutamate level?

Maintaining the right balance between GABA and Glutamate is essential for optimal health. It is important for normal brain function, and an imbalance can lead to neurological disorders such as anxiety and depression. Here are some ways to help maintain GABA-Glutamate balance:

Diet

Eating a diet rich in nutrients that support brain health, such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and B vitamins, can help to balance GABA and Glutamate.

Exercise

Regular exercise can increase the levels of GABA in the brain, which can help to reduce anxiety and improve mood.

Stress Management

Chronic stress can disrupt the balance between GABA and glutamate, leading to anxiety and depression. Therefore, managing stress through techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing can help to restore this balance.

Sleep

Getting enough quality sleep is important for maintaining the balance between GABA and Glutamate. Sleep deprivation can result from an imbalance between the two neurotransmitters, leading to anxiety, depression, and other mood-related disorders.

 

Dietary supplements that can restore GABA-Glutamate balance

Some supplements, such as Phenibut, Picamilon, ashwagandha, Theanine, etc., can help to balance GABA and glutamate levels.

Phenibut:

A derivative of GABA that can cross the blood-brain barrier and increase GABA levels in the brain.

Picamilon:

It is a combination of GABA and niacin that can increase GABA levels in the brain.

Ashwagandha:

An adaptogenic herb that can reduce anxiety and stress by regulating the balance between GABA and glutamate.

Theanine:

Theanine is an amino acid found in green tea that can increase GABA levels and reduce glutamate levels in the brain. This precursor of Glutamate appears to lower glutamate activity in the brain by blocking receptors while also boosting GABA levels. It’s found naturally in tea and also is available as a supplement.

Magnesium:

Magnesium is an essential mineral for maintaining healthy GABA-Glutamate levels. It works by helping to regulate the receptors that control the flow of these neurotransmitters. Magnesium can act as a cofactor for enzymes that are involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and release.

Inositol:

A carbohydrate that is used as a mood stabilizer and can help to balance the levels of neurotransmitters such as GABA and Glutamate in the brain

Melatonin:

A hormone involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, it has been found to have some effects on regulating GABA and Glutamate balance.

5-HTP:

5-HTP is a natural supplement derived from the seeds of an African plant. It has been shown to increase serotonin levels, which helps balance GABA and glutamate levels in the brain.

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC):

NAC is an amino acid supplement that is known to boost glutathione levels. It also helps to regulate GABA-Glutamate balance in the brain.

Valerian Root Extract:

The valerian root extract has been used for centuries to treat anxiety and insomnia. It works by calming down overactive nerve cells, which helps to restore GABA-Glutamate balance in the brain.

Glutamine:

Your body converts this amino acid into Glutamate. Glutamine is available in supplement form and is present in meat, fish, eggs, dairy, wheat, and some vegetables.

Taurine:

This amino acid has been shown in rodents to alter both GABA and Glutamate brain levels. You can take it in supplement form and get it naturally in meat and seafood.

These dietary supplements can help to restore the balance between GABA and Glutamate in the brain, but it’s always best to consult your doctor before starting any new supplement regimen.

GABA supplementation is not the best way to balance GABA-Glutamate levels because it can have an overstimulating effect, and unused GABA will be reconverted into glutamine, which is then converted back into Glutamate through a so-called GABA shunt metabolic pathway.

Related articles:

Glutamate and Autism Spectrum Disorder: What’s the Link?
Glutathione Redox Imbalance Linked to Autism Spectrum Disorder
Oxidative Stress May Be Linked to Autism
Glutathione
The glutathione precursor
Resources
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The Crucial Role of Folate in Methylation and Brain Development

The Crucial Role of Folate in Methylation and Brain Development

Methylation, Neuroplasticity

crucial role of folate in autism

​Folate is an essential nutrient for human health, and plays a vital role in methylation, a process important for healthy brain development. Folate, also known as vitamin B9, plays an important role in DNA methylation, a process that helps control gene expression. Adequate levels of folate are necessary for proper brain development and function. Additionally, folate is needed to convert homocysteine, an amino acid, into methionine, which is involved in the production of neurotransmitters, the chemicals that transmit signals in the brain.

What is methylation?

Methylation is a biochemical process in which a methyl group (one carbon atom with three hydrogen atoms attached) is added to an organic molecule. This process plays an important role in several biological functions, such as gene expression, epigenetics, and brain development. During brain development, methylation helps regulate the expression of certain genes that are critical for normal neuronal functioning and maturation. This process is also essential for neurotransmitter synthesis and the formation of long-term memories.

Folate works by providing the necessary methyl groups for this process, thus helping to support normal development of the brain and nervous system. In this blog post, we will explore how folate supports methylation and brain development, and why it is so important to make sure you are getting enough of it in your diet.

How does folate play a role in methylation?

Methylation is a critical biochemical process that affects many aspects of human health. Folate, also known as vitamin B9, is one of the key nutrients involved in this process. The nutrient works together with other B vitamins, such as vitamin B12, to form an important methyl group donor molecule called S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe). This molecule is then used for various chemical reactions within the body, including DNA synthesis and gene expression.

Folate is essential for healthy methylation because it allows cells to create the SAMe molecule they need to carry out the process. Inadequate amounts of folate can lead to poor methylation and can have a negative impact on brain development. Studies have shown that children who were exposed to high levels of folate during their mother’s pregnancy had improved cognitive and academic performance compared to those whose mothers had lower folate levels. Folate is therefore important for proper brain development in children and adults alike.

What are the benefits of methylation?

Methylation is an essential biological process that helps regulate gene expression, metabolic activity, and cell functioning. This process can have numerous beneficial effects, particularly in regards to brain development. Methylation plays a key role in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins, all of which are involved in healthy brain functioning. It also helps create and regulate the neurotransmitters that enable communication between nerve cells, as well as regulate gene expression related to the development of the nervous system.

Methylation is important for cognitive function too. It helps to ensure that neurons are properly developed and functioning correctly. In addition, studies have shown that it can improve learning and memory, as well as help protect against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Finally, methylation is believed to be linked to increased protection against depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues.

Overall, methylation is an important process that helps with proper brain development and cognitive functioning. By properly supporting methylation through adequate folate intake, we can ensure that our brains are functioning at their best.

How does methylation impact brain development?

Methylation plays a crucial role in the development of the brain, particularly in regulating gene expression. During fetal development, methylation helps to define the structure and organization of the nervous system. Methylation also helps to promote the formation of neural networks, which can help the brain to better process sensory information. Additionally, methylation helps to regulate the production of neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that enable communication between neurons and are essential for proper brain development.

It has been suggested that altered methylation patterns may play a role in some neurological disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. In fact, some studies have linked decreased methylation in certain areas of the brain with cognitive and behavioral issues. This suggests that methylation is an important factor in the development of normal brain functioning.

Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that folate deficiency can lead to abnormal methylation patterns, which can impair brain development. Folate is necessary for the production of DNA and for cell division. It is also required for the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), which is an important methyl donor used in methylation reactions. Thus, adequate folate intake is essential for normal brain development as it helps to regulate methylation reactions in the brain.

In conclusion, methylation is essential for normal brain development, as it helps to regulate gene expression, promote the formation of neural networks, and regulate neurotransmitter production. It has been suggested that alterations in methylation patterns may contribute to neurological disorders, and folate deficiency can lead to abnormal methylation patterns which can impair brain development. Therefore, it is important to ensure sufficient folate intake for optimal brain development.

Are there any risks associated with methylation?

Methylation is an important process for healthy brain development, however, there may be some risks associated with it. When folate levels are too low, it can lead to a buildup of homocysteine, which has been linked to a variety of health issues including heart disease, stroke, and even dementia. In addition, too much or too little methylation can result in a decrease in the effectiveness of various neurotransmitters, leading to mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. It is important to maintain optimal folate levels in order to ensure that the body has enough of this essential nutrient to support healthy methylation processes. For pregnant women, it is especially important to get adequate amounts of folate in order to ensure proper fetal brain development.

Resources

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6147084/

Glutamate and Autism Spectrum Disorder: What’s the Link?

Glutamate and Autism Spectrum Disorder: What’s the Link?

Methylation

Glutamate and autism1

Recent research has shown that glutamate, a neurotransmitter involved in the excitatory pathways of the brain, plays an important role in the development of ASD. In this blog post, we will discuss the link between glutamate and Autism and how understanding this connection may help to improve diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.

Glutamate and Its Role in Autism

Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a key role in cognitive and behavioral functions. It is also implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released by neurons to send signals to other cells. Glutamate is one of the most abundant neurotransmitters in the brain and is important for the normal functioning of nerve cells. It is involved in many processes including learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. Studies have found that glutamate levels are altered in individuals with ASD. This suggests that there may be a link between glutamate and ASD.

It has been suggested that alterations in glutamate signaling could be involved in the pathophysiology of ASD. Glutamate acts on ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, which can regulate neuronal excitability. Disruptions in the glutamate system have been linked to a variety of neurological disorders including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. Imbalances in glutamate signaling have been linked to an array of behavioral and cognitive problems seen in ASD. Research suggests that abnormalities in glutamatergic neurotransmission could be a contributing factor to some of the symptoms associated with ASD.

Glutamatergic neurotransmission in ASD

Glutamatergic neurotransmission is a key component of the neurological and physiological functioning of the brain. It plays an important role in learning, memory, and emotion regulation. In Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), there appears to be an imbalance in this system that can lead to a variety of symptoms.

Studies have found that glutamate concentrations in the brains of individuals with ASD are generally higher than those of their typically developing peers. This increased concentration can lead to an over-activation of the excitatory pathway, resulting in excitation of neurons that would normally remain inactive. This excitation can lead to a variety of symptoms associated with ASD, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, and difficulty regulating emotions.

Other research suggests that the glutamate receptor system may also play a role in the social difficulties seen in individuals with ASD. Specifically, there may be a decrease in the activity of certain receptors in the brain, resulting in decreased social processing skills and deficits in social communication.

Overall, glutamatergic neurotransmission is an important factor to consider when trying to understand the underlying causes of autism spectrum disorder. Understanding how this system works can help researchers to better identify potential treatments and interventions to improve the lives of those with ASD.

Clinical Implications

The role of glutamate in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is increasingly being recognized. Studies have shown that dysregulation of the glutamatergic neurotransmission system is associated with symptoms of ASD, such as social deficits, communication problems, and repetitive behaviors. This suggests that targeting the glutamate system may be a viable therapeutic approach for treating the symptoms of ASD.

One possible way to target the glutamatergic neurotransmission system is through the use of medications that modulate glutamate levels. Several medications have been studied for this purpose, including memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and lamotrigine, an antiepileptic drug that has been found to reduce repetitive behaviors in some patients with ASD. Additionally, there are a number of nutritional supplements that contain glutamate-related compounds, such as taurine and glycine, which may be beneficial for reducing symptoms in some people with ASD.

Other approaches to targeting the glutamatergic neurotransmission system in ASD include behavioral therapies and deep brain stimulation. Behavioral therapies, such as Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) and Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), focus on teaching children with ASD how to cope with social situations and communication issues by providing a structured learning environment. Deep brain stimulation involves implanting electrodes into specific parts of the brain to modulate neural activity and has been used to reduce repetitive behaviors in some patients with ASD.

In summary, evidence suggests that dysregulation of the glutamatergic neurotransmission system plays a role in the development of ASD. Targeting this system through medication, nutritional supplements, behavioral therapies, or deep brain stimulation may be effective treatments for reducing the symptoms of ASD.

How to regulate the glutamatergic neurotransmission system with nutritional supplements

Nutritional supplements are an important part of autism treatment as they can help regulate the glutamatergic neurotransmission system.

Nutritional supplements can be used to modulate the activity of glutamate in the body, thus helping to reduce symptoms related to ASD. Omega-3 fatty acids are one type of supplement that may be beneficial for reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, both of which can contribute to glutamate dysregulation. Vitamin D has also been shown to be beneficial in regulating glutamate levels, as well as providing other general health benefits.

Other supplements that may help regulate glutamatergic neurotransmission in ASD include:

  • N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione
  • Vitamin B6 and B12, which are essential for methylation and can help with the regulation of neurotransmitters
  • Curcumin, which is derived from turmeric and helps to modulate inflammation
  • Magnesium, which is important for nerve transmission and regulating neurotransmitters
  • L-theanine, which is an amino acid found in green tea and helps to reduce anxiety
  • Zinc, which is an important mineral for cognitive development

Additionally, it is important to speak to your doctor before beginning any supplement regimen as some supplements may interact with medications or cause adverse reactions.

Resources

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9135628/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938426/

 

Could Methylation Issues be the root cause of Autism?

Could Methylation Issues be the root cause of Autism?

Methylation

Root cause of autism

Can methylation problem be the root cause of autism? Methylation has been identified as a possible factor in autism. Recent research suggests that metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity may be associated with autism in children. This raises the question: Could methylation issues be at the root of autism? In this blog post, we will explore how methylation issues may be linked to autism and examine the potential implications of these findings.

Root cause of autism? Can it be the problem with the methylation?

Everybody wants to know the root cause of autism. Methylation issues could be one of the main factors. Methylation is an important process that helps regulate gene expression, DNA repair, neurotransmitter production, and other metabolic activities in the body. It’s a process of transferring a small molecule, called a methyl group, from one molecule to another. This process helps control the activity of certain genes by either turning them on or off. When the body can’t methylate properly, it leads to increased oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body’s ability to counteract their damaging effects. This can lead to further health problems if left unaddressed.

Methylation is a biological process that regulates gene expression. Abnormal methylation patterns have been associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism. In individuals with autism, abnormal methylation can impact the expression of genes involved in brain development and function, leading to changes in brain connectivity, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmitter function, which can contribute to symptoms such as difficulty with social communication, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests.

What are the Symptoms of Methylation Issues?

Methylation is an essential process that helps the body maintain healthy functions and processes. When it’s impaired, several symptoms can arise. Symptoms of methylation issues may include fatigue, poor memory, chronic pain, mood swings, anxiety, depression, food sensitivities, and digestive problems. Additionally, impaired methylation can lead to increased oxidative stress, when the body’s cells become damaged by free radicals and other toxins. This can manifest as systemic inflammation and an increased risk for certain diseases. Identifying and treating methylation issues is critical for maintaining good health.

What Causes Methylation Issues?

A variety of factors can cause methylation issues. The most common are genetic predisposition and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body’s ability to detoxify them. It is a key factor in many diseases and disorders, including autism.

Genetic mutations that affect methylation may also contribute to the development of methylation problems. These mutations can be inherited or acquired over time, due to environmental factors such as exposure to toxins. Chronic inflammation can also hurt methylation, leading to an imbalance between the production and breakdown of methyl groups.

In some cases, methylation issues can be caused by underlying nutritional deficiencies. For instance, deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin B12, folate, zinc, and magnesium, can all impact methylation pathways. Poor dietary habits, such as consuming processed foods and eating too many sugary foods, can also contribute to methylation issues.

Finally, chronic stress can also contribute to impaired methylation. When the body is under constant stress, it can produce hormones like cortisol which can affect how the body processes nutrients and affects its ability to produce energy. This can lead to changes in methylation levels, leading to a range of health issues.

How is Methylation Testing Done?

Methylation testing is an important step in determining the causes of impaired methylation capacity and increased oxidative stress in children with autism. Methylation tests measure the levels of several key compounds involved in the body’s methylation pathways. This includes the biomarkers S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and other important molecules related to oxidative stress.

Methylation testing is most often done using a blood sample. However, other samples such as urine, saliva, or hair can also be used. Depending on the test being done, the sample will then be analyzed to measure the levels of different biomarkers associated with methylation pathways. The results of the test can provide valuable insight into the functioning of the methylation pathways and indicate if increased oxidative stress is present. This can help guide treatment decisions and lead to better outcomes for children with autism.

What are the Treatment Options for Methylation Issues?

Methylation issues can be addressed through both conventional and alternative treatments. Conventional treatments often focus on managing symptoms and providing support to those affected by autism. These treatments may include dietary interventions, medications, speech and language therapy, and behavioral therapy.

Alternative treatments, such as antioxidant supplements, may also reduce oxidative stress in individuals with methylation issues. Antioxidants reduce the amount of free radicals in the body, which are thought to play a role in developing many chronic illnesses. Antioxidants may also help to boost the body’s natural defenses against oxidative stress. Some antioxidants that may benefit individuals with methylation issues include vitamin C, vitamin E, CoQ10, N-acetylcysteine, and glutathione. Additionally, consuming a diet rich in antioxidants from fruits and vegetables may also be beneficial. For more information on the biomedical treatment of autism check this page.

Resources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15585776/

Whey Protein

Whey Protein

Health, Methylation, Microbiome and Gut health

whey protein

Terra Origin – whey protein

Probably you did not know until now, that whey protein isolate could increase intracellular GSH (glutathione) concentrations and protect against oxidant-induced cell death all over the body, including gut cells. 

Whey Protein assists the body in maintaining optimal concentrations of Glutathione (GSH) by supplying the precursors required for intracellular glutathione synthesis. 

Glutathione is a tripeptide made intracellularly from its constituent amino acids L-glutamate, L-cysteine, and glycine. The sulfhydryl (thiol) group (SH) of cysteine is responsible for the biological activity of Glutathione. The provision of this amino acid is the rate-limiting factor in glutathione synthesis by the cells since bioavailable cysteine is relatively rare in foodstuffs.

Glutathione is a master antioxidant and has several health benefits; among others, Glutathione is present in the entire intestinal mucosa, where it traps and neutralizes potential toxins before they are absorbed into the body. Glutathione protects the intestinal wall, which, if weakened, can lead to a leaking / permeable intestinal problem. See more benefits here: Glutathione

Resources

Main resources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12537959/

file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/JournalofWoundCareGutmanpapercopy.pdf

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669089/full

https://www.pdr.net/full-prescribing-information/Immunocal-cysteine-257

Quercetin

Quercetin

Autism and Genes, Histamine intolerance and MCAS, Methylation

Quercetin is certainly one of the most exciting dietary flavonoids. It’s been linked to improved exercise performance and reduced inflammation, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. Plus, it may have brain-protective, anti-allergy, and anticancer properties, and it is a natural antihistamine. 

Numerous studies support the existence of a natural antihistamine because it regulates the release of histamine from basophils and mast cells (1). This regulatory mechanism can be used for various unwanted symptoms, allergies, asthma, and histamine intolerance symptoms.

QUERCETIN suppresses the release of histamine from basophils and mast cells, so reduces the symptoms of histamine intolerance or mast cell activation syndrome (2)

Other benefits

  • Reduces cellular inflammation
  • Prevention of allergies, in the alleviation of existing allergic symptoms
  • Protects the heart and nervous system
  • Prevention of osteoporosis, in the reduction of symptoms during menopause
  • May help in weight loss

Allergies, Histamine intolerance

The enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) is responsible for the proper breakdown of histamine. Histamine plays an important role in the dynamic functioning of our body, but if the activity of the DAO enzyme decreases, we can experience various unpleasant symptoms due to high histamine levels: hives, eczema, swollen mouth, cough, runny nose, digestive problems, bloating, flatulence or abdominal pain. In these cases, the regulatory function of quercetin may be helpful.

In addition to quercetin, DAO enzyme activity can be supported by supplementing other micronutrients. Among other things, zinc, copper, manganese, magnesium minerals, B vitamins (including choline and inositol), and vitamin C help proper production.

Quercetin displays high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that have been proven by many in vivo and in vitro studies. Its anti-allergic mechanism of action through the inhibition of enzymes and inflammatory mediators has also been extensively studied. It is well known that quercetin is an inhibitor of human mast cell activation through the inhibition of Ca2+ influx, histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins release. The results of the studies prove the unique position of this supplement in the treatment of allergic disorders and the possibility of using phytochemicals such as quercetin for an efficient cure. (3)

 

Antibacterial and antiviral activity

This excellent flavonoid is known to exhibit antibacterial effects against almost all strains of bacteria, particularly affecting the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and dermal systems. (4)

Cardiovascular health

In 2008, a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial in 12 healthy men showed biochemical evidence of improved endothelial function (such as augmentation of nitric oxide status) with as little as 200 mg/day of quercetin. (5)

Obesity

This flavonoid actually blocks the uptake of glucose from the blood, depriving fat cells of the raw material they need to manufacture and accumulate fat molecules. (6)

In another study, genistein, quercetin, and resveratrol together decreased lipid accumulation in fat cells by 17%, 20%, and 17%, respectively, the combination of all three agents decreased lipid accumulation by an impressive 80%. (7)