Whey Protein

Whey Protein

Health, Methylation, Microbiome and Gut health

whey protein

Terra Origin – whey protein

Probably you did not know until now, that whey protein isolate could increase intracellular GSH (glutathione) concentrations and protect against oxidant-induced cell death all over the body, including gut cells. 

Whey Protein assists the body in maintaining optimal concentrations of Glutathione (GSH) by supplying the precursors required for intracellular glutathione synthesis. 

Glutathione is a tripeptide made intracellularly from its constituent amino acids L-glutamate, L-cysteine, and glycine. The sulfhydryl (thiol) group (SH) of cysteine is responsible for the biological activity of Glutathione. The provision of this amino acid is the rate-limiting factor in glutathione synthesis by the cells since bioavailable cysteine is relatively rare in foodstuffs.

Glutathione is a master antioxidant and has several health benefits; among others, Glutathione is present in the entire intestinal mucosa, where it traps and neutralizes potential toxins before they are absorbed into the body. Glutathione protects the intestinal wall, which, if weakened, can lead to a leaking / permeable intestinal problem. See more benefits here: Glutathione

Resources

Main resources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12537959/

file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/JournalofWoundCareGutmanpapercopy.pdf

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669089/full

https://www.pdr.net/full-prescribing-information/Immunocal-cysteine-257

Butyric acid

Butyric acid

Autism and Genes, Digestion, Health, Histamine intolerance and MCAS, Microbiome and Gut health

Butyric acid is a short-chain fatty acid believed in providing optimal benefit to the gastrointestinal tract. It is highly produced in the gut by bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates such as dietary fiber.Butyric acid has been scientifically shown to support and promote the health of the GI tract and microbiome.

 

 

Butyrate is an essential source of energy for the intestinal epithelium. It plays a crucial role in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, protecting immune function and mucous membranes. Butyrate has antitumor activity and antimicrobial effect against the most enteric pathogens, thereby significantly improving the composition of gut microflora.

Indigestible carbohydrates (prebiotics) increase colonic butyrate concentration, which is thought to be responsible for its beneficial effects. In inflammation caused by oxidative stress, damage to the integrity of cell-cell connections and an increase in cell permeability may occur, depending on the extent and duration of the oxidative effect.
The therapeutic value of the protective n-butyrate improves the intestinal epithelium’s barrier function, maintains a healthy intestinal flora, and promotes the regeneration of intestinal epithelial cells.

Butyric acid treatment

Decrease in cell layer resistance induced by acute oxidative stress after low-dose butyrate treatment decreased, indicating that the role of a mechanical barrier is strengthened. Based on experimental results, the composition of the intestinal flora has become favorable.
The number of beneficial lactic acid bacteria and the amount of L-lactic acid they produce in the small intestine also increased. Butyrate affects the coliform bacteria; it can also be used effectively to prevent and overcome the development of infectious conditions in the intestinal tract.

Butyrate controls pathogenic bacteria through regulating intestinal oxygen availability. Several studies have reported another important mechanism where butyrate can indirectly control pathogenic bacterial overgrowth, i.e. contributing to intestinal oxygen availability 

Specific benefits of Butyrate for the gut:

Maintenance of normal intestinal bacteria
Increased absorption of macronutrients
It is an essential element of intestinal homeostasis
Improves tight junctions in leaky gut
Improves the mucus layers of the gut
Helps gut cells to kill pathogens
Keeps the oxygen levels in the colon low
Regeneration of the intestinal mucosa
Reduces the incidence of IBS symptoms
Intestinal pain after antibiotic treatment

But Butyrate has shown benefits for the whole body

Supports mast cells and modulates histamine
Supports the immune system by lowering inflammation and helping reduce autoimmunity
May improve skin issues
May help with allergies and asthma
Can protect against alcohol-induced leaky gut and inflammation
It is considered cancer protective has shown anticancer effect
In mice, studies showed improvement in insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial density, and satiety after eating
In mice, research showed it helped the brain recover from strokes
Support weight loss with increasing Bacteroidetes in the gut. – Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are two major groups in the gut. Having more Firmicutes than Bacteroidetes is associated with weight gain and obesity.

How it works:

4 levels of leaky gut:

Loosening of the tight junctions in the gut lining – allows food and other things to pass through to the bloodstream
Loss of mucus layer in the gut
Low good bacteria species
Loss of ability to kill pathogens in the gut

Butyrate’s effect on leaky gut:

Improves the tight junctions in the gut lining
Supports healing mucus layers in the gut
Increases good bacteria in the gut
Supports cells to kill pathogens in the gut
Butyrate supports the gut at the cellular level.

Studies have shown that people who have the following conditions tend to be low in butyrate:

Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Crohn’s Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
IBS-C (constipation-dominant)
IBS-D (diarrhea-dominant)
Type 1 diabetes
Obesity
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Parkinson’s DiseaseHo
Children with allergies

How do you know whether or not you have healthy butyrate levels?

Find out the signs of low butyrate!
To have good butyrate levels, you need to know if you have the suitable microbiome species in your gut and if you need to eat enough fibers or to be fermented, and during this process, butyrate will be produced. Your butyrate levels wcorrectecrease if you don’t have the right species of bacteria or enough prebiotics in your diet.

How do you fix your butyrate levels?

You need to have butyrate-producing bacteria, but unfortunately, only one of these bacteria is available commercially – Lactobacillus rhamnosus.
So, unfortunately, there is no good recommendation to increase your butyrate levels, so you need to focus on fiber and prebiotics.

What to do, then?

You have to eat a variety of vegetables.
Increase your intake of resistant starch, but if you don’t tolerate fiber and starch, it can be a problem and leads to a vicious circle.

The only thing you can do is choose the correct type of butyrate supplement.

When choosing, you need to consider the…:

  • type of butyrate is very fragile; butyrate needs to bond with salt that stabilizes it. But research shows that tributyrin is more potent and doesn’t require digestion to break apart the chemical bonds.
    Plus, some research suggests tributyrin is safer for human consumption than butyrate salts.
  • the butyrate delivery: Butyrate will be broken down in the stomach and won’t reach the gut. To avoid this, you need to choose liposomal or so-called enteric delivery. Unfortunately, the liposomal butyrate is very smelly
  • purity (without additives)
  • easy to use
Resources

    Omega 3 fatty acid

    Omega 3 fatty acid

    Autism and Genes, Health, Mitochondria

    Omega-3 fatty acids belong to the group of polyunsaturated fatty acids, of which EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are best known. Omega-3 has many properties that help maintain our health, and are an essential bioactive ingredient for children.

    omega 3

    Omega 3 is mainly an anti-inflammatory agent.

    EPA has a strong anti-inflammatory effect and not enough DHA in the diet may reduce the ability to handle sensory input. It only takes a small decrement in brain DHA to produce losses in brain function. (1)

    In humans, weak sensorimotor gating is a hallmark of many nervous-system disorders such as schizophrenia or ADHD. Given mounting evidence of the role omega-3s play in the nervous system, there is intense interest in their therapeutic potential, perhaps as a supplement to medicines. For example, people with schizophrenia have lower levels of essential fatty acids, possibly from a genetic variation that results in poor metabolism of these nutrients.

    The finding connects low omega-3s to the information-processing problems found in people with schizophrenia; bipolar, obsessive-compulsive, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders; Huntington’s disease; and other afflictions of the nervous system.

    Omega 3 fatty acid

    Omega 3 fatty acid belongs to the group of polyunsaturated fatty acids, of which EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and alpha linolenic acid (ALA) are best known. Omega 3 is an essential fatty acid.

    Consumption of much marine fish is no longer recommended today due to the pollution of the seas. The most practical solution for consuming EPA, DHA, and GLA is by using high-quality fish oil, borage oil, or evening primrose oil in encapsulated form.

    Main physiological effects of histamine intolerance and intestinal problems:

    In terms of histamine intolerance, its main effect is its ability to reduce stress and reduce inflammation.

    It also helps prevent the development of insulin resistance and has a positive effect on weight loss by helping to break down fat cells.

    Physiological effects of Omega 3:

    • Due to their anti-inflammatory effect, it can reduce the risk of many diseases, such as vascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and some cancers. But fatty acids can also help treat diabetes, high blood pressure, and skin conditions.
    • Proper intake is essential for athletes due to the maintenance of the cardiovascular system, but it can also improve respiratory function and prevent asthma.
    • It helps the development of the fetus and reduces the incidence of preterm birth. It has a role in developing good visual acuity and mental development in infants.
    • Lower blood cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and heart attack.
    • It plays a role in the transport of fats, and the formation of anti-inflammatory prostaglandins, and their beneficial effects on the immune system are also known. And are involved in the structure of the nervous system and cell membranes.
    • Recent research has shown that children consuming omega-3 fatty acids regularly have improved their task-solving and problem-solving skills to understand tasks faster and improve school performance. Achieving optimal intake by children up to 14 is extremely important, as children’s brains develop to the greatest extent by the time they reach this age.
    • Omega 3 prevents the development of kidney stones

     

    Other benefits of fish oil according to health problems:

    Aging processes

    Slows down the aging process.

    Cardiovascular system
    • counteracts arrhythmia symptoms.
    • prevents tachycardia.
    • makes it easier to prevent atherosclerosis.
    • Prevents the development of cardiovascular disease.
    • improves heart function.
    • reduces elevated hematocrit levels.
    • lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients.
    • reduces the development of Raynaud’s disease.
    Digestive system
    • reduces the number of relapsing Crohn’s diseases.
    • prevents the formation of gallstones.
    Eyes / vision
    • Fish oil prevents the development of macular degeneration (ARMD) in old age.
    • In the case of dry eyes, fish oil is effective in tear production.
    • In people with wolf blindness, fish oil can improve vision in the dark.
    • Fish oil is easy for the development and treatment of retinopathy.
    Immune system
    • Children of women who consume fish oil during pregnancy have a lower rate of allergy.
    • Regular consumption of fish oil to avoid the development of autoimmune diseases.
    • Fish oil prevents the development of certain cancers.
    • It has an anti-inflammatory effect on fish oil.
    Metabolism
    • enhances athletic performance.
    • reduces the absorption of cholesterol. Fish oil protects muscle fibers from toxic effects (catabolism).
    • prevents tired formation.
    • prevents the development of insulin resistance.
    • helps break down adipose tissue.
    • lowers triglyceride levels.
    Musculoskeletal system
    •  reduces back pain.
    •  promotes bone formation.
    •  protects the muscles from the breakdown (catabolism).
    •  Fish oil is an option for the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica.
    •  relieves the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
    Nervous system
    • reduces aggression.
    • have a beneficial effect on the behavior of patients with hyperactivity.
    • prevent the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
    • relieves depression.
    • has the potential for recovery after head injuries.
    •  improves learning ability.
    •  improves memory.
    •  relieves migraine symptoms.
    •  has the potential to relieve the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis.
    •  is commonly used in the development of Parkinson’s disease.
    •  is used for schizophrenia.
    •  may be suitable for recovery from spinal cord injuries.
    •  alleviates the toxic effects of mental stress.
    Respiratory system
    • may be useful in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARSD).
    •  improves respiratory function in asthmatic patients
    • prevents chronic lung disease.
    • easily prevents the development of bronchitis.
    • prevents emphysema.
    • easily improves lung function and reduce the risk of damage from smoking.
    Hormanal problems
    • easily relieves menstrual cramps.
    •  reduces the heat waves associated with menopause and relieve depression.
    •  reduces the risk of developing male infertility.
    Skin
    • reduces acne sufferers.
    • relieves the symptoms of eczema.
    • relieves itchy skin.
    • improves skin elasticity.
    • easily prevents sunburn in sensitive people.
    • speeds up wound healing.
    Resources
    [1]

    Wijendran V, Huang MC, Diau GY, et al. Efficacy of dietary arachidonic acid provided as triglyceride or phospholipid as substrates for brain arachidonic acid accretion in baboon neonates. Pediatr Res 2002;51:265-272.

    [2]

    Goustard-Langelier B, Guesnet P, Durand G,et al. n-3 and n-6 fatty acid enrichment by dietary $sh oil and phospholipid sources in brain cortical areas and nonneural tissues of formula-fed piglets. Lipids 1999;34:5-16.

    [3]

    Maki KC, Reeves MS, Farmer M, et al. Krill oil supplementation increases plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in overweight and obese men and women. Nutr Res 2009;29:609-615.

    [4]

    Bunea R, El Farrah K, Deutsch L. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the clinical course of hyperlipidemia. Altern Med Rev 2004:9:420-428.

    [5]

    Sampalis F, Bunea R, Pelland MF, et al. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. Altern Med Rev 2003;8:171-179.

    [6]

    Deutsch L. Evaluation of the effect of Neptune Krill Oil on chronic inflammation and arthritic symptoms. J Am Coll Nutr 2007:26:39-48.

    [7]

    Chang JP, Chen YT, Su KP. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and depression: Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2009;2009:725310. Epub 2009 Sep 27.

    [8]

    Breslow J. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:1477S-1482S.

    [9]

    Calzolari I, Fumagalli S, Marchionni N, DiBari M. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Curr Pharm Des 2009;15:4094-4102.

    [10]

    No authors listed. Phosphatidylcholine. Altern Med Rev 2002;7:150-154.

    [11]

    Naguib YM. Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:1150-1154.

    [12]

    Tso P, Drake DS, Black DD, Sabesin SM. Evidence for separate pathways of chylomicron and very low-density lipoprotein assembly and transport by rat small intestine. Am J Physiol 1984;247:G599-G610.

    [13]

    Amate L, Gil A, Ramirez M. Feeding infant piglets formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids as triacylglycerols or phospholipids influences the distribution of these fatty acids in plasma lipoprotein fractions. J Nutr 2001;131:1250-1255.

    [14]

    Tandy S, Chung RW, Wat E, et al. Dietary krill oil supplementation reduces hepatic osteatosis, glycemia, and hypercholesterolemia in high-fat-fed mice. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:9339-9345.

    [15]

    Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th ed. New York, NY: Garland Science; 2002.

    [16]

    Else PL, Hulbert AJ. Membranes as metabolic pacemakers. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2003;30:559-564

    [17]

    Kidd PM. Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep;12(3):207-27.

    [18]

    Konagai C, Yanagimoto K, Hayamizu K, Han L, Tsuji T, Koga Y. Effects of krill oil containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid form on human brain function: a randomized controlled trial in healthy elderly volunteers. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:1247-57.

    [19]

    Ebrahimi M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Rezaiean S, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements improve the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with metabolic syndrome, including markers of inflammation and auto-immunity. Acta Cardiol. 2009 Jun;64(3):321-7.

    [20]

    Derosa G, Cicero AF, Fogari E, et al. Effects of n-3 PUFAs on postprandial variation of metalloproteinases, and inflammatory and insulin resistance parameters in dyslipidemic patients: evaluation with euglycemic clamp and oral fat load. J Clin Lipidol. 2012 Nov-Dec;6(6):553-64.

    [21]

    Spencer M, Finlin BS, Unal R, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce adipose tissue macrophages in human subjects with insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2013 May;62(5):1709-17.

    [22]

    Yan Y, Jiang W, Spinetti T, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent inflammation and metabolic disorder through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Immunity. 2013 Jun 27;38(6):1154-63.

    [23]

    Valensa. FlexPro MD Clinical Trial Overview and Results. (Data on File.) 2011

    [24]

    McCann JC, Ames BN. Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:281-295.

    [25]

    Stevens LJ, Zentall SS, Abate ML, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in boys with behavior, learning, and health problems. Physiol Behav 1996;59:915-920.

      Berberine for diarrhea

      Berberine for diarrhea

      Digestion, Health, Microbiome and Gut health, Natural Remedies

      berberine

      Studies have confirmed that the bacteriostatic effect of BERBERINE plays a role in improving SIBO symptoms; berberine lowers blood sugar, reduces blood fat, and improves arrhythmias, and cardiovascular disease, reducing the risk and preventing cancer.

       

       

       

      Berberine optimizes blood sugar, plays a role in reducing blood fat, reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, and last but not least, relieves diarrheal symptoms due to its bacteriostatic effect and can be used effectively with SIBO.

      Berberine, the herbal agent for diarrhea

      Berberin is a herbal agent for diarrhea, but you should be careful because, like antibiotics, Berberine kills good bacteria as well.

       

      Physiological effects of berberine 

      • Insulin resistance often develops as a result of intestinal problems. Berberin’s blood sugar optimizing effect prevents the development of insulin resistance and reverses existing insulin resistance, and promotes weight loss
      • It inhibits the growth of pathogens that cause diarrhea, thereby relieving the symptoms of diarrhea. It can be a great help in case of intestinal inflammation problems, even in SIBO (Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth) This natural herbal active ingredient, an alkaloid, can effectively control blood sugar levels – even insulin resistance. Studies have confirmed that the bacteriostatic effect of berberine plays a role in lowering blood sugar, reducing blood fat, improving arrhythmias, and cardiovascular disease, reducing the risk, and preventing cancer. Of these, the effectiveness of reducing blood sugar and blood lipids has been clinically proven by Chinese researchers.
      • Berberin also can effectively reduce the risk of cancer.
      • Research shows that it has a beneficial effect on cholesterol levels by activating the enzyme protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, and increases the response to the insulin produced by the pancreas

      Other physiological effects

      • Accelerate wound healing
      • Weight loss
      • Mild sedation
      • Kidney protection
      • Protection against harmful radiation
      • Muscle relaxation 
      • Antihypertensive effect
      • Supports cardiovascular function
      • Prevention of gastric ulcer
      • It has an antioxidant effect and lowers cholesterol It has an anti-inflammatory effect and a fungicidal effect It is also effective in preventing or alleviating diarrhea. Berberine is able to fight pathogenic microorganisms and inhibit various bacteria, such as dysentery bacteria
      Resources

      • Studies on the effect of Berberine

        SIBO/IBS

        https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26400188/
        https://the-unwinder.com/reviews/berberine-for-sibo/

        Weigt loss

        https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332220303292

        Diabetes Type 2

        https://www.everydayhealth.com/type-2-diabetes/potential-benefits-berberine-type-2-diabetes/
        https://www.everydayhealth.com/type-2-diabetes/potential-benefits-berberine-type-2-diabetes/

        Cholesterol

        https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5871262/
        https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15926873/
        https://www.verywellhealth.com/berberine-lowers-cholesterol-698106
        https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-021-05028-8

        PCOS

        https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028834/
        https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6261244/
        https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2019/7918631/
        https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01138930

      The glutathione precursor

      The glutathione precursor

      Autism and Genes, Detoxification, Health, Microbiome and Gut health

      N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) is one of the most exciting antioxidant amino acids of our time. An anti-inflammatory agent, one of the precursors to glutathione, which referred to as a master antioxidant (1). That is why we recommend the combined use of our NAC and Glutathione products.

      The mucolytic, antitussive effect of NAC has long been known in the health circles because of its ability to break down disulfide bridges in mucus and secretions (1).

      New research has highlighted other important aspects: its effects on stabilizing blood sugar levels (2) (insulin resistance, adjusting blood fat levels), increasing fertility and protecting the nervous system have innovative potential.

      N-Acetyl Cystein the glutathione precursor

      “The glutathione precursor” what does it mean? Glutathione, also known as GSH, is a molecule found naturally in your body. It is produced by the liver and nerve cells in the central nervous system. Glutathione is made up of three amino acids: L-cysteine, glycine, and L-glutamate.
      Glutathione is an antioxidant, a molecule that helps fight free radicals. When more free radicals exist than antioxidants, oxidative cell damage occurs. This can lead to inflammation and a variety of health issues.
      In addition to being an antioxidant,

      Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) is one of the most exciting antioxidant amino acids of our time. An anti-inflammatory agent, one of the precursors to glutathione, which referred to as a master antioxidant [1].

      A Powerful Antioxidant

      N-acetylcysteine, derived from the simple amino acid cysteine, provides significant protection against a broad array of modern toxins. 

      NAC is a precursor of glutathione. Glutathione is the body’s most important antioxidant, found in every single cell. It is also called a “master antioxidant” because it exerts its effects within cells and its unique ability to maximize the effects of all other antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, Q + Ubiquinol, r-alpha-lipoic acid.

      The primary function of Glutathione is to protect cells and mitochondria from the damaging, destructive effects of internal oxidation processes (2). It protects the integrity of our cells, tissues and organs, thus playing an important role in the fight against chronic diseases associated with aging. Glutathione is key to detoxification, neutralizing toxins in the body, protecting against the harmful effects of radiation, chemicals and environmental contaminants.

      It improves the functioning of the immune system, has a nervous system protection effect, increases the body’s resistance to infections, can speed up the recovery from diseases, and increases the body’s energy levels and vitality (3).

      For a healthy immune system

      Glutathione plays an important role in maintaining the healthy functioning of the immune system. Oxidative stress caused by viral infections causes inflammation in the cells and glutathione levels are demonstrably reduced.

      Decreased immunity and an increased risk of infections are associated with low glutathione levels (4). Glutathione is beneficial in increasing the number of T cells in immune leukocytes and NK cells in natural killer cells (5). Glutathione deficiency can be detected in autoimmune diseases.

      Research has shown that glutathione has a positive effect on the normal functioning of the immune system and prevents the development of an excessive immune response and inflammation in autoimmune diseases (6).

      Liver protection, detoxification

      Glutathione is found in the highest concentrations in the liver and kidneys. The liver plays a prominent role in the II. in phase detoxification processes (7). Helps remove toxins, foreign chemicals, potential carcinogens, hormones, pollutants.

      It converts them into water-soluble substances that can now be easily excreted from the body through the kidneys. Glutathione is also present in the entire intestinal mucosa, where it captures and neutralizes potential toxins before they are absorbed into the body. Glutathione protects the intestinal wall, which, if weakened, can lead to a leaking / permeable intestinal problem (8).

      The detoxification ability of glutathione can be further enhanced by other sulfur-containing molecules: cruciferous plants (broccoli), r-alpha-lipoic acid, N-acetyl cysteine, turmeric, St. John’s wort and B vitamins, selenium, and the like. 

      Excessive consumption of over-the-counter drugs containing paracetamol (eg, antipyretics, analgesics, etc.) can lead to hepatotoxicity and deplete the body’s glutathione system. NAC is able to rehabilitate toxic processes in liver cells.

      Acetyl-L-Cysteine increases the body’s glutathione levels, enhances the immune system through its antioxidant effect, helps cellular regeneration and reduce inflammation, and contributes to the effective elimination of toxins and toxins.

      It contributes to the multi-level detoxification processes of the liver, and also promotes the rehabilitation of liver cells in the state of fatty liver. In this case, Choline and Inositol can help in the detoxification process.

      Protecting the brain and nervous system

      Our brain uses a lot of oxygen and is therefore extremely vulnerable to oxidative damage. This oxidative damage adversely affects neurological functions and our development, which can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Glutathione protects brain cells against odiation.

      Low glutathione levels increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. Heavy metals that accumulate in the brain can cause severe oxidative stress and cell damage. Glutathione has the ability to detoxify toxic metals in the brain, thereby protecting the health of the nervous system (9).

      Energy production of cells, enhancement of vitality

      Mitochondria are responsible for the energy production of our cells in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The function of mitochondria also plays a vital role in cell health, intercellular communication, regulated cell death, and cell growth.

      Researchers today believe that mitochondrial health is directly linked to our aging processes and the resistance of cells to degenerative diseases. Glutathione has the potential to improve mitochondrial health and directly affect our energy-producing abilities.

      By-products of cellular metabolism are also free radicals that are destructive. They are also able to neutralize glutathione (10).

      NAC in relation to the hormonal system and fertility

      Research results support its effectiveness in reducing ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels, combined with vitamins A, E and Omega-3 fatty acids. Other literature has also described the combination of NAC and selenium as effective (11). High ROS levels presuppose inflammation and affect the DNA of sperm.

      It supports the ovarian cycle, i.e. the cycle of ovulation, thereby positively affecting fertility (12). By stimulating glutathione levels, it has a positive effect on insulin secretion and increases insulin sensitivity, so it can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of insulin-resistant conditions in polycystic ovary syndrome, which is closely related to insulin resistance (13).

      Furthermore, a human study highlights the effect of NAC on cysts that cure-like use of NAC may reduce the potential for cysts due to endometriosis (14). In such cases, I strongly recommend Glutathione, Choline + Inositol.

      The role of NAC in the functioning of the respiratory system

      As a mutolytic, Acetyl-L-Cysteine ​​supports the emptying of difficult-to-break secretions and can therefore help with prolonged, persistent coughs (colds, flu, bronchitis (15).

      Research has been shown to be effective in the adjunctive treatment of COPD [8]. Due to its powerful antioxidant effect, it can reduce the condition of chronic inflammation. According to the research, Acetyl-L-Cysteine ​​intake promoted physical activity and performance in patients with COPD.

      By increasing glutathione levels, it can reduce the inflammatory state of lung tissue and contribute to its regeneration.

      What else does NAC help

      • To clean the lungs of the secretion due to smoking.
      • In the adjunctive treatment of COPD
      • Prevention of respiratory infections, alleviation of pre-existing symptoms (persistent cough)
      • Endometriosis, in the adjunctive treatment of PCOs for fertility problems (both women and men)
      • In post-contraceptive rehabilitation (in such cases we also recommend our Broccoli & Watercress, Choline & Inositol products)
      • To detoxify the liver, regenerate liver cells, lower triglycerides In case of blood sugar and insulin homeostasis problems, in the adjunctive treatment of insulin resistance
      • Nervous system, to support nerve cells and to increase memory
      • Metabolism of toxins and cancer-causing substances
      • Natural creation and repair of DNA
      • Production of protein and prostaglandin, a compound with hormone-like effects
      • Activation of enzymes
      • Glutathione also helps with the breakdown of nutrients and the regulation of important body processes, such as the immune response.
      • A small study published in Medical Science Monitor in 2011 shows a connection between low glutathione levels and autism spectrum disorders.
      • The mucolytic, antitussive effect of NAC has long been known in the health circles because of its ability to break down disulfide bridges in mucus and secretions .
      • It is also used as an antidote in problems with paracetamol overdose to protect liver cells.
      • New research has highlighted other important aspects: its effects on stabilizing blood sugar levels (insulin resistance, adjusting blood fat levels), increasing fertility and protecting the nervous system have innovative potential.
      • N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is effective both in inhibiting biofilm formation and in destroying developed biofilms. (12)
      Resources
      • [1] Aldini G, Altomare A, Baron G, Vistoli G, Carini M, Borsani L, Sergio F. N-Acetylcysteine as an antioxidant and disulphide breaking agent: the reasons why. Free Radic Res. 2018 Jul;52(7):751-762
      • [2] Samuni Y, Goldstein S, Dean OM, Berk M. The chemistry and biological activities of N-acetylcysteine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Aug;1830(8):4117-29.
      • [3] Fulghesu AM, Ciampelli M, Muzj G, et al. N-acetyl-cysteine treatment improves insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2002 Jun;77(6):1128-35.
      • [4] Safarinejad MR, Safarinejad S. Efficacy of selenium and/or N-acetyl-cysteine for improving semen parameters in infertile men: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. J Urol. 2009 Feb;181(2):741-51.
      • [5] Badawy A, State O, Abdelgawad S. N-Acetyl cysteine and clomiphene citrate for induction of ovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross-over trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(2):218-22.
      • [6] Porpora MG, Brunelli R, Costa G, Imperiale L, Krasnowska EK, Lundeberg T, Nofroni I, Piccioni MG, Pittaluga E, Ticino A, Parasassi T. A promise in the treatment of endometriosis: an observational cohort study on ovarian endometrioma reduction by N-acetylcysteine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:240702.
      • [7] Stey C, Steurer J, Bachmann S, Medici TC, Tramèr MR. The effect of oral N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis: a quantitative systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2000 Aug;16(2):253-62.
      • [8] Stav D, Raz M. Effect of N-acetyl cysteine on air trapping in COPD: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Chest. 2009 Aug;136(2):381-6.
      • [9] Mokhtari V, Afsharian P, Shahhoseini M, Kalantar SM, Moini A. A Review on Various Uses of N-Acetyl Cysteine. Cell J. 2017;19(1):11-17. doi:10.22074/cellj.2016.4872
      • [10] Sandhir R, Sood A, Mehrotra A, Kamboj SS. N-Acetylcysteine reverses mitochondrial dysfunctions and behavioral abnormalities in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington’s disease. Neurodegener Dis. 2012;9(3):145-57.
      • [11] Shungu DC. N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of glutathione deficiency and oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jun 1;71(11):937-8.
      • [12] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25339490/

      Gut Microbiome test

      Gut Microbiome test

      Autism and Genes, Digestion, Health, Microbiome and Gut health

      A gut microbiome test is needed if any kind of abdominal, neurological, or skin complaint is present. It gives relevant information on gut health.

       

       

       

      Research shows that your gastrointestinal (GI) system state (or your “gut”) influences your overall health.

      While certain symptoms, such as indigestion, mood changes, and skin diseases, could point to imbalances in the gut, these exact connections can only be understood through testing.

      This is where microbiome testing could potentially play a role.

      A gut microbiome test is a new diagnostic way to get a picture of your overall health.

      Microbiome testing measures the amount and types of microbes in your gut, such as bacteria and viruses, via a stool sample. While such tests may be conducted in a doctor’s office, there are at-home tests too when you have to complete the microbiome testing kits on your own.

      A gut microbiome refers to the microbes that exist in your digestive system. The intestines, stomach, colon, and esophagus are all important members of your GI tract, and they all contain microbes that affect the digestion process.

      Composition of the gut microbiome

      You probably know that billions of microorganisms live in our bodies, mostly located in the gastrointestinal tract.  The human genome consists of about 23,000 genes, whereas our microbiome encodes over 3 million genes that produce thousands of metabolites. This means that in the human body there is a superorganism that plays an important role.

      Everyone has a unique microbiota like a personal fingerprint and this means that gut microbiota composition is mostly unique to each individual, like an individual identity card.

      Current evidence points mostly towards that humans live in a sterile environment in the womb and infants only start being colonized by microbes when going through the vaginal passage, or during skin contact with parents or the medical team. The human microbiota is established in this phase and starts as a dynamic ecosystem that stabilizes during the first 2–3 years.

       

      Composition is influenced by:

      • Feeding methods (breast milk, artificial milk, and introduction of solid food);
      • Medication (antibiotics, acid suppressants, drugs);
      • Dietary habits; environment and lifestyle; and weight gain.
      • Genetics factors;
      • Anatomical parts of the intestinal tract (e.g. the large intestine has a higher microbial diversity compared with the small intestine);
      • Gestational age (preterm or full-term birth); delivery mode (vaginal delivery or C-section); and aging.
        The microbiomes have many essential functions in the body: from helping digestion and producing vitamins to supporting the development of the immune system and preventing infections.
      • Impressively there are also interactions between gut microbes and the brain which means we may be able to support mental health by changing the gut microbiome.
      • The microbiome functions as an extra organ, that uses nutrients from ingested foods to produce a large number of compounds, including vitamins, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and essential amino acids. The gut microbiome, through metabolite production and fermentation, helps the intestine to maintain its equilibrium. When a balanced interaction between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the resident microbiota is disrupted, intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases may develop.
      When there’s an imbalance of gut microbes, various health effects may occur as a result. Common symptoms of gut disruptions may include bloating, stool changes, and heartburn,diarrhea,mood swings,skin disorders such as eczema,POD ( peioralis dermatitis)and rashes on any part of the body, SIBO, inflammation, insuline resistance…and so on.

      Furthermore
      Your gut health affects your brain through neurotransmitters (serotonin contributes to feelings of happiness, gaba – gamma- aminobutyric reduces anxiety ) and these neurotransmitters are produced by gut cells and gut microbes.

      Why test your microbiome?

      The primary purpose of this type of stool testing is to analyze microbes and potential imbalances in your GI system. This kind of stool sample analysis can provide clues to potential inflammatory conditions or autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Celiac disease.
      By testing your gut microbiome, you can learn more about the functions of your gut microbiome and check that it is helping to keep you healthy and not contributing to making you sick. Using a metagenomic gut microbiome test, you will learn your potential to break down nutrients and discover the potential of your gut microbiome to break down macronutrients such as fiber, protein, simple sugars, and fats.
      obtain a comprehensive list of the microbial species present
      Whether it’s a well-known species or newly discovered, you will get a full list of the different bacteria and archaea present in your gut.

      Receive tailored guidance from a Microbiome Coach

      If the detailed information about the result of your microbiome test is not enough for you, it is possible to ask for help from a Microbiome coach who helps in evaluating your test result. Gain a deeper understanding of your Insight™ report and discuss your personalized shopping list of food suggestions with a qualified health professional.

      Resources
      • [1] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28743984/
      • [2] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30025401/
      • [3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812084/
      • [4] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28512250/
      • [5] Thriene K. et al. Effects of Fermented Vegetable Consumption on Human Gut Microbiome Diversity—A Pilot Study. Fermentation. ;8(3).(2022).
      • [6] Sarka A et al. Pychobiotucs and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signlas. Trends in Neurosciences. (2016).
      • [7] Bear T et al. The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Resilience to Developing Anxiety or Depression under Stress. Microorganisms. (2021)
      • [8] Miranda-Comas G. et al. Implications of the Gut Microbiome in Sports. Sports Health (2022).
      • [9] Day AW. et al. Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Alcoholism: Consequences for Health and Recovery. (2022).
      • [10] Leclercq S. et al. Alterations of kynurenine pathway in alcohol use disorder and abstinence: a link with gut microbiota, peripheral inflammation and psychological symptoms. Transl Psychiatry. ;11(1):503. (2021).
      • [11] Seo B et al. Roseburia spp. Abundance Associates with Alcohol Consumption in Humans and Its Administration Ameliorates Alcoholic Fatty Liver in Mice. Cell host & microbe. ;27(1):25-40.e6. (2020).
      • [12] Flikkema J. The Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome and Sleep Examined Through Associated Human Disease. University Honors Theses. (2022).
      • [13] Han M. et al.. The interplay between sleep and gut microbiota. Brain Research Bulletin. (2022).
      Foods in SIBO

      Foods in SIBO

      Digestion, Health, Microbiome and Gut health, SIBO

      In the next “Foods in SIBO” list, you can find all kinds of food you can eat if you are struggling with SIBO, but you can also use this list if you have abdominal discomfort or IBS.

      If you have SIBO, avoiding carbohydrates from your diet is essential. SCD, LFD, GAPS, and FODMAP diets and their variants are the most popular diets recommended to people struggling with SIBO.

      All these diets are based on low carbohydrate intake because this feeds pathogens.

      The only carbohydrate that bacteria do not eat much of is insoluble fiber. Below you can find most of the food consumed if you have SIBO.

      “Foods in SIBO” list

      If you have SIBO, you should avoid any carbohydrates. In the “Foods in SIBO” list, you can find all the food that can be consumed

      Quality Protein Sources

      • Bone soup
      • Eggs (quail eggs only)
      • Pumpkin seed
      • Organic grass-fed lamb
      • Organic pasture poultry (chicken, duck, turkey)
      • Hydrolyzed bovine collagen
      • Vegan protein: rice, hemp, pea, etc.

      Healthy Fats

      • Coconut, coconut oil, coconut flour, coconut + butter / semolina / milk / yogurt / cream
      • Ghee (if you tolerate)
      • Grape seed oil
      • Olive oil
      • Flaxseed oil

      Alternatives for diary products

      • Coconut milk, yogurt, cream
      • Oat milk
      • Rice milk
      sibo food coconut

      Bio, Non-Starch Vegetable

      • Sprouts (including broccoli, radishes and sunflower sprouts)
      • Artichoke
      • Asparagus
      • Bean sprouts
      • Broccoli
      • Brussels sprouts
      • Cabbage
      • Cauliflower
      • Celery
      • Cucumber
      • Fennel
      • Onions
      • Green onions
      • Turnips
      • Herbs (parsley, coriander, basil, rosemary, thyme, dill, lemongrass, etc.)
      • Kohlrabi
      • Leek
      • Salad (baby salad, iceberg lettuce)
      • Peppers (green, red, yellow, orange jalapeno)
      • Radish
      • Rhubarb
      • Onions
      • Swiss chard
      • Watercress
      • Zucchini

      sibo food broccoli

      Delicious spices

      • Anise
      • Basil
      • Bay leaf
      • Cocoa beans
      • Cayenne
      • Coriander / coriander
      • Cinnamon
      • Clove
      • Cumin
      • Dill
      • Ginger
      • Ground black pepper
      • Mint
      • Nutmeg
      • Oregano
      • Paprika
      • Parsley
      • Red chili flakes
      • Rosemary
      • Sea salt
      • Stevia
      • Tarragon
      • Thyme
      • Curcuma
      • Vanilla
      sibo food spices

      Drinks

      • Bone soup
      • Coconut milk
      • Smoothies
      • Tea, herbal, decaffeinated
      • Water

      Gluten-Free Flour

      • Arrow root starch
      • Coconut flour
      • Sweet potato flour
      • Tapioca flour

      Bone soup

      Fruits

      • Apples
      • Apricots
      • Blueberries
      • Blackberries
      • Redcurrant
      • Cherry
      • Cranberries
      • Figs
      • Goji berries
      • Gooseberry
      • Solo
      • Kiwi
      • Lychee
      • Mango
      • Melon
      • Mulberry
      • Nectarine
      • Passionfruit
      • Peach
      • Pear
      • Persimmon
      • Plum
      • Pomegranate
      • Quince
      • Raspberry
      sibo food mango

      Starched vegetables after SIBO treatment 

      • Carrot
      • Chestnut
      • Jerusalem artichoke
      • Parsley
      • Potato
      • Pumpkin
      • Sweet potatoes
      artichoke SIBO
      sibo products

      More articles on SIBO

      Five facts about SIBO

      Treatment of SIBO

      Symptoms and causes of SIBO

      Diagnosis of SIBO

      SIBO aggravating factors

      Facts about SIBO
      SIBO treatment
      Symptoms, causes
      Diagnosis
      Aggravatings

      Gut and skin

      Gut and skin

      Digestion, Health, Microbiome and Gut health, Natural skincare, SIBO

      The link between gut and skin health

       

      If you have skin rashes or eczematous symptoms, you should never think it is a genetic condition.

      If you have long-term, chronic symptoms, you should not only see a dermatologist or switch to natural cosmetics but also remember that digestive problems and internal parasites could be behind the external symptoms.

      In nutritional studies, the skin has long been considered an indicator of intestinal issues and an imbalance of intestinal flora.

      To have clear, healthy skin, you should first regenerate your gut.

      Epidemiological studies show a clear link between intestinal problems and skin diseases.

      When skin problems do not respond properly to skin care treatments, the source of the problem is actually in the gut. A poorly functioning gut system can potentially exacerbate or lead to pre-existing skin conditions. Acne, rosacea, and perioral dermatitis are ten times more likely to occur with small intestinal bacterial infections (SIBO). Skin rashes occur in 14% of patients with ulcerative colitis and 24% with Crohn’s disease. Mucosal lesions, alopecia, and vitiligo are also more common in gluten sensitivity. Skin problems and acne may occur due to increased intestinal permeability (leaky gut) in inflammatory bowel disease.

      Studies have shown that intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis can impair the skin’s protective function. This condition, in turn, leads to a decrease in the number of antimicrobial peptides produced in the skin and may increase the severity of certain infections as part of the skin’s inflammatory response

      The intestinal flora influences the health of the skin

      The condition of the intestinal flora affects the health of the skin. The so-called neuropeptide substance P is produced in the intestine, brain, and skin and plays an essential role in the condition of the skin. An altered gut microbiome releases higher neuropeptide P levels in the gut and the skin. Higher levels of neuropeptide P affect lipid production and fatty acid profiles in tissues and can influence sebum production and fatty acid composition of sebum. Several studies have already demonstrated the positive effects of probiotics on the skin.

      Gut-skin axis

      “The GSA describes the relationship where the gut can influence skin health owing to its immunological and metabolic properties.52 Although it is difficult to strictly attribute a cause-and-effect relationship between the gut microbiome and dermatologic conditions, multiple studies support a connection between them with several cutaneous diseases being associated with GI disorders and vice versa.”(1)

      Several studies have already demonstrated the beneficial effects of probiotics on the skin. Fermented dairy products have a positive effect on intestinal flora, while unfermented dairy products can promote acne breakouts. However, be careful with fermented products if you suffer from SIBO. Oral probiotics reduce inflammation and systemic oxidative stress markers, which are locally elevated in acne. However, if you do not know anything about your microbiome, it is recommended to take only high-quality soil-based probiotics.

      “Gut microbiota influence the pathophysiology of acne via cross-talk between intestinal commensal bacteria and the mTOR pathway ()” (2)

      A well-balanced, nutrient-rich diet is critical to maintaining a healthy gut. If you do not have any particular intestinal problems, you can take probiotic supplements to increase the versatility of your intestinal flora.

      Quercetin, a powerful antioxidant, and a miracle molecule can still be beneficial. Since I have been taking Quercetin regularly, I have not had a single pimple, although I am sure that my intestinal flora is not 100% perfect.

      What can you do to improve your digestion and skin?

      • Avoid dairy, soy, gluten, and rapidly absorbable carbohydrates for at least 1-2 months.
      • Take probiotics daily. Preferably something that has been studied and proven to be effective. If you have intestinal problems, take only soil-based probiotics.
      • In the case of digestive problems, take regular “digestive enzymes ” to help your digestion, which will relieve your heavy stomach immediately after a large meal. If you do not take a digestive supplement, incorporate apple cider vinegar into your daily routine, preferably the unfiltered variety. After a meal, a tablespoon will help digest the food. It is important to support digestion with natural supplements when altered intestinal flora and impaired digestion slow down the digestion of food because, in this case, there is stagnation in the small intestine, which causes many unpleasant symptoms and inflammation.
      • Move around whenever you can!
      • I am thinking of something other than going to the gym every day. However, you should walk as much as possible if you do not have time to exercise. Introduce a 15-minute workout at a faster pace 3x per week to work your muscles and speed up your metabolism.
      • Take evening primrose oil, as its gamma-linolenic acid content reduces the symptoms of eczema, and take omega-3 capsules (1000 mg ) 2-3 times a day to reduce inflammatory processes.

      Stick to the above for at least 2-3 months, and follow a diet high in fiber, and you will surely see the change!

      Resources
      [1]

      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0738081X21001930

      [2]

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048199/

      [3]

      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7916842/

      [4]

      https://www.dermatologytimes.com/view/gut-bacteria-linked-to-inflammatory-skin-disease

      [5]

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33924414/

      [6]

      Deutsch L. Evaluation of the effect of Neptune Krill Oil on chronic inflammation and arthritic symptoms. J Am Coll Nutr 2007:26:39-48.

      [7]

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27554239/

      [8]

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33921772/

      [9]

      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33540138/

      [10]

      https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/903431

      [11]

      Demirel Ogut N. Link Between the Gut and Inflammatory Skin Disease Exposed. Accessed May 11, 2021. Published online May 7, 2021. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-05/sc-tro050621.php

      [12]

      Stocum, Linda. “Gut Bacteria Linked to Inflammatory Skin Disease.” https://www.dermatologytimes.com/, 11 May 2021, www.dermatologytimes.com/view/gut-bacteria-linked-to-inflammatory-skin-disease.

      [13]

      Juhl, Christian R, et al. “Dairy Intake and Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis of 78,529 Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults.” Nutrients, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 9 Aug. 2018, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6115795/.

      [14]

      Sanz, Yolanda. “Effects of a Gluten-Free Diet on Gut Microbiota and Immune Function in Healthy Adult Humans.” Gut Microbes, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2010, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3023594/.

      [15]

      Acne Vulgaris – Statpearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459173/.

      [16]

      Demirel Ogut N. Link Between the Gut and Inflammatory Skin Disease Exposed. Accessed May 11, 2021. Published online May 7, 2021. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-05/sc-tro050621.php

      [17]

      Stocum, Linda. “Gut Bacteria Linked to Inflammatory Skin Disease.” https://www.dermatologytimes.com/, 11 May 2021, www.dermatologytimes.com/view/gut-bacteria-linked-to-inflammatory-skin-disease.

      [18]

      Juhl, Christian R, et al. “Dairy Intake and Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis of 78,529 Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults.” Nutrients, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 9 Aug. 2018, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6115795/.

      [19]

      Sanz, Yolanda. “Effects of a Gluten-Free Diet on Gut Microbiota and Immune Function in Healthy Adult Humans.” Gut Microbes, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2010, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3023594/.