Microbiome-Neurotransmitter Axis: Could Autism and Brain Function be influenced by the gut?

Microbiome-Neurotransmitter Axis: Could Autism and Brain Function be influenced by the gut?

Gut-Brain Axis, Microbiome and Gut health, Natural medicines

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors. While the exact etiology of autism remains elusive, emerging research has highlighted the potential role of the gut microbiome in its pathophysiology. The gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system, has become a focal point of investigation. This article delves into the intricate relationship between gut health and autism, with a particular emphasis on the microbiome-neurotransmitter axis, including serotonin production, GABA modulation, and dopamine influence. We will also explore the clinical applications of this research.

The Gut Microbiome and Autism

The gut microbiome is a complex community of trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea, that reside in the gastrointestinal tract. These microbes play a crucial role in maintaining gut health, modulating the immune system, and influencing brain function through the gut-brain axis. In individuals with autism, alterations in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome have been consistently observed. These dysbiotic changes may contribute to the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms commonly reported in autistic individuals, such as constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, as well as the core behavioral symptoms of autism.

Dysbiosis in Autism

Studies have shown that children with autism often have an imbalance in their gut microbiota, characterized by a reduction in beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and an overgrowth of potentially harmful bacteria (e.g., Clostridium and Desulfovibrio). This dysbiosis may lead to increased intestinal permeability, often referred to as “leaky gut,” which allows harmful substances to enter the bloodstream and potentially affect brain function. The resulting systemic inflammation and immune activation have been proposed as mechanisms linking gut dysbiosis to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism.

The Microbiome-Neurotransmitter Axis

The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in the production and modulation of neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that facilitate communication between neurons in the brain. The microbiome-neurotransmitter axis is a critical component of the gut-brain axis and may be a key factor in the neurobehavioral symptoms observed in autism. Below, we explore the role of three major neurotransmitters—serotonin, GABA, and dopamine—in the context of autism and gut health.

1. Serotonin Production

Serotonin, often referred to as the “feel-good” neurotransmitter, is crucial for regulating mood, anxiety, and social behavior. Interestingly, approximately 90% of the body’s serotonin is produced in the gut by enterochromaffin cells, with the gut microbiota playing a significant role in its synthesis. Certain gut bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, can influence serotonin levels by modulating the availability of its precursor, tryptophan.

In autism, alterations in serotonin signaling have been well-documented. Some individuals with autism exhibit elevated levels of serotonin in the blood (hyperserotonemia), which may reflect dysregulated serotonin metabolism. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiome could contribute to this dysregulation by affecting the production and breakdown of serotonin. For example, an overgrowth of Clostridium species has been associated with increased serotonin production, potentially leading to hyperserotonemia and contributing to the behavioral symptoms of autism.

2. GABA Modulation

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability. Imbalances in GABA signaling have been implicated in autism, with some studies suggesting reduced GABAergic activity in autistic individuals. This reduction may contribute to the hyperexcitability and sensory processing difficulties often observed in autism.

The gut microbiome can influence GABA levels through the production of GABA by certain bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These bacteria can convert glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, into GABA, thereby promoting a balance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling in the brain. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiome may disrupt this balance, leading to altered GABAergic signaling and contributing to the neurobehavioral symptoms of autism.

3. Dopamine Influence

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in reward processing, motivation, and motor control. Dysregulation of dopamine signaling has been implicated in various neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism. Some studies have suggested that autistic individuals may have altered dopamine receptor sensitivity or dysregulated dopamine metabolism.

The gut microbiome can influence dopamine levels through the production of dopamine by certain bacteria, such as Bacillus and Escherichia. Additionally, the gut microbiota can modulate dopamine signaling by affecting the availability of its precursor, tyrosine. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiome may lead to altered dopamine levels, potentially contributing to the reward processing and motor control difficulties observed in autism.

Clinical Applications

The growing understanding of the gut-brain axis and the microbiome-neurotransmitter axis in autism has opened up new avenues for therapeutic interventions. Below, we explore some of the clinical applications of this research, including dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics.

1. Dietary Interventions

Dietary interventions, such as the gluten-free, casein-free (GFCF) diet, have been widely explored in the context of autism. These diets are based on the hypothesis that gluten and casein may exacerbate GI symptoms and behavioral issues in autistic individuals by contributing to gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability. While the evidence for the efficacy of GFCF diets is mixed, some studies have reported improvements in GI symptoms and behavioral outcomes in a subset of autistic individuals.

Other dietary interventions, such as the ketogenic diet and the specific carbohydrate diet (SCD), have also been explored for their potential to modulate the gut microbiome and improve symptoms in autism. These diets may promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and reduce inflammation, thereby supporting gut health and brain function.

2. Probiotics and Prebiotics

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. Certain probiotic strains have been shown to modulate the gut microbiome, reduce inflammation, and improve GI symptoms in autistic individuals. Probiotics may also influence neurotransmitter production and signaling, potentially leading to improvements in behavioral symptoms.

Prebiotics are non-digestible food components that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. By providing a substrate for beneficial bacteria, prebiotics can help restore gut microbial balance and support gut-brain communication. Some studies have suggested that prebiotic supplementation may improve GI symptoms and behavioral outcomes in autistic individuals.

Probiotics

Bacillus subtilis

  • Function: A well-researched spore-forming bacterium that has been shown to support gut health by promoting a balanced microbiome, improving digestion, and supporting immune function.
  • Mechanism: Bacillus subtilis spores germinate in the intestines and help outcompete harmful microbes, enhancing the growth of beneficial bacteria. It is also known for producing enzymes that aid in digestion.

Bacillus coagulans

  • Function: Known for its ability to survive the harsh conditions of the stomach and reach the intestines, Bacillus coagulans has been shown to support gut health by increasing the levels of beneficial bacteria, such as lactobacilli.
  • Mechanism: Produces lactic acid, which helps maintain an acidic environment that supports the growth of good bacteria while inhibiting harmful pathogens. It also improves gut barrier function and reduces inflammation.

Bacillus clausii

  • Function: This spore-forming bacterium is often used for gastrointestinal issues, including diarrhea and gut imbalances. It has been shown to restore microbial balance by increasing levels of beneficial bacteria while reducing the growth of harmful ones.
  • Mechanism: Bacillus clausii supports the restoration of a healthy gut microbiota by stimulating the production of butyrate (a short-chain fatty acid) and enhancing the gut’s defense system.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus

  • Function: A well-researched probiotic known for its ability to promote gut health and prevent the overgrowth of harmful bacteria.
  • Mechanism: Lactobacillus rhamnosus primarily resides in the large intestine, where it competes with pathogenic bacteria and helps to support a balanced microbiome. It’s less likely to contribute to SIBO because it prefers the lower part of the intestines and produces lactic acid to lower pH, which helps maintain gut balance.

Saccharomyces boulardii

  • Function: Saccharomyces boulardii is a beneficial yeast rather than a bacteria, and it’s known for supporting gut health and helping to restore microbiome balance, especially after antibiotic use or digestive issues.
  • Mechanism: Unlike bacteria, Saccharomyces boulardii does not colonize the small intestine and instead acts as a transient probiotic. It helps support the gut by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, particularly in the colon, and does not typically contribute to SIBO.

Prebiotics (Fibers that Feed Good Bacteria)

  • Inulin: Found in foods like chicory root, artichokes, and onions, inulin promotes the growth of beneficial bifidobacteria.
  • Fructooligosaccharides (FOS): Found in bananas, garlic, and leeks, FOS helps stimulate beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.
  • Beta-glucans: Present in oats and barley, these fibers support beneficial bacteria and enhance immune function.

Polyphenols (Plant Compounds with Antioxidant Properties)

  • Resveratrol: Found in red wine, grapes, and berries, resveratrol has been shown to support gut bacteria diversity and inhibit harmful bacterial growth.
  • Curcumin: The active compound in turmeric, curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties and promotes beneficial gut bacteria.
  • Flavonoids: Found in foods like apples, citrus fruits, and onions, flavonoids promote the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus.

4. Targeted Therapies

As our understanding of the microbiome-neurotransmitter axis in autism deepens, there is potential for the development of targeted therapies that modulate specific microbial pathways or neurotransmitter systems. For example, interventions that promote the growth of GABA-producing bacteria or enhance serotonin metabolism may offer new treatment options for autistic individuals with specific neurotransmitter imbalances.

GABA-producing bacteria refer to a group of gut microbiota that can produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an important neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA is known for its calming and relaxing effects on the nervous system, promoting a sense of well-being, reducing stress, and improving sleep quality.

In the gut, certain bacteria can convert dietary components into GABA, which can then influence the gut-brain axis—the communication pathway between the gut and the brain. Here’s more about how GABA-producing bacteria work:

Common GABA-Producing Bacteria:

  1. Lactobacillus species:
    • Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus plantarum are known to produce GABA. These strains are commonly found in fermented foods like yogurt, kimchi, and sauerkraut. They play a role in promoting gut health and can have a positive effect on mood and anxiety levels.
  2. Bifidobacterium species:
    • Strains like Bifidobacterium longum are involved in GABA production. Bifidobacteria are also important for gut health and immune function, and some studies suggest they might play a role in influencing behavior through the production of GABA.
  3. Enterococcus species:
    • Enterococcus faecium and other Enterococcus strains are also capable of producing GABA. These bacteria are naturally present in the human gut and can influence mood and stress levels through their metabolic activities.
  4. Streptococcus species:
    • Some strains of Streptococcus, such as Streptococcus thermophilus, have also been shown to produce GABA. These bacteria are often used in dairy fermentation and may have neuroactive properties.

How GABA-Producing Bacteria Influence the Microbiome and Brain:

  • Gut-Brain Axis: The production of GABA by these bacteria can affect the gut-brain axis, which is the direct communication between the gut and the central nervous system. GABA, being a neurotransmitter, can modulate brain activity, reducing stress and anxiety. This means that the gut microbiota plays an important role in mental health, influencing mood and cognitive function.
  • Stress Reduction: The GABA produced by these bacteria may bind to GABA receptors in the gut and brain, helping to reduce the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (the “fight or flight” response) and promoting a state of relaxation.
  • Mental Health: A balanced gut microbiome with adequate GABA production is thought to contribute to a better overall mental state, potentially reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia.

GABA-producing bacteria play a crucial role in modulating the gut-brain axis and may have beneficial effects on mental health by influencing the production of GABA, a neurotransmitter known for its calming effects. The consumption of foods or supplements containing these probiotic strains could potentially enhance GABA levels and support relaxation and stress reduction.

Other natural compounds that can help with producing GABA:

There are several natural compounds that can help with GABA production in the body or enhance its activity. These compounds may work in different ways, such as promoting the synthesis of GABA or increasing its availability in the brain. Here are some natural options that may help:

Magnesium

  • Mechanism: Magnesium is involved in the activation of the GABA receptor, which can help enhance its calming and relaxing effects on the nervous system. Magnesium also supports the enzymes that are needed for GABA synthesis.
  • Sources: Magnesium-rich foods include leafy greens, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and legumes. Magnesium supplements are also widely available.

L-Theanine

  • Mechanism: L-Theanine, an amino acid found primarily in green tea, can help increase GABA levels, along with other calming neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. It is known to promote relaxation without causing drowsiness.
  • Sources: Green tea, matcha, and L-theanine supplements are common sources.

Taurine

  • Mechanism: Taurine is an amino acid that has been shown to have a GABA-like effect. It can help activate GABA receptors and increase GABA synthesis in the brain.
  • Sources: Taurine is found in animal-based foods like meat, fish, and dairy. It can also be taken as a supplement.

Valerian Root

  • Mechanism: Valerian root is a well-known herbal remedy that has been shown to increase GABA activity in the brain. It is often used as a sleep aid and has calming properties.
  • Sources: Valerian root is available in capsule, tablet, or tea form.

Ashwagandha

  • Mechanism: Ashwagandha, an adaptogenic herb, has been shown to enhance GABA receptor activity and help reduce stress and anxiety. It can have a calming effect on the nervous system and help improve sleep quality.
  • Sources: Ashwagandha is available as a powder, capsule, or extract.

Kava Kava

  • Mechanism: Kava kava has GABAergic effects, meaning it can enhance GABA receptor binding, leading to relaxation and reduced anxiety. It has been traditionally used in Pacific Island cultures for its calming and stress-relieving properties.
  • Sources: Kava is typically consumed as a root powder, capsules, or tea.

L-Glutamine

  • Mechanism: L-Glutamine is an amino acid that can be converted into GABA in the brain. By increasing glutamine levels, it supports the production of GABA.
  • Sources: L-glutamine is found in foods like meat, fish, eggs, and dairy, as well as in supplement form.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

  • Mechanism: Vitamin B6 is essential for the production of GABA. It acts as a coenzyme for the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase, which converts glutamate (an excitatory neurotransmitter) into GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter).
  • Sources: Vitamin B6 is found in foods like poultry, fish, bananas, avocados, potatoes, and fortified cereals.

Zinc

  • Mechanism: Zinc plays a role in GABA receptor function. It has been shown to enhance the effects of GABA in the brain and is important for neurotransmitter balance.
  • Sources: Zinc is found in foods like shellfish, meat, seeds, nuts, and legumes. It is also available in supplement form.

Turmeric (Curcumin)

  • Mechanism: Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has been found to enhance the activity of GABA receptors in the brain. It may also help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, which can affect GABA production.
  • Sources: Curcumin is available in turmeric powder, capsules, and extracts.

Conclusion

The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining gut health and influencing brain function through the gut-brain axis. In autism, dysbiosis in the gut microbiome may contribute to both GI symptoms and neurobehavioral symptoms by affecting the production and modulation of key neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, GABA, and dopamine. The microbiome-neurotransmitter axis represents a promising target for therapeutic interventions, including dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation.

While the field is still in its early stages, the growing body of research on gut health in autism offers hope for new and effective treatments that address the underlying biological mechanisms of the condition. By targeting the gut microbiome and its influence on neurotransmitter systems, we may be able to improve the quality of life for individuals with autism and their families. Future research should focus on elucidating the specific microbial and neurotransmitter pathways involved in autism, as well as the development of personalized therapies that take into account the unique gut microbiome profile of each individual.

Understanding Probiotics and Gut Health: A Comprehensive Guide

Understanding Probiotics and Gut Health: A Comprehensive Guide

Gut-Brain Axis, Microbiome and Gut health

The human digestive system is home to trillions of microorganisms that play crucial roles in our overall health. Understanding the delicate balance of gut bacteria and making informed decisions about probiotic supplementation is essential for optimal digestive health and nutrient absorption.

The Importance of Gut Microbiome Balance

Natural Gut Flora

The digestive system naturally hosts a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, including:

  • Beneficial bacteria
  • Yeasts
  • Other microorganisms that support digestion
  • Immune system function

Role in Nutrient Absorption

Proper bacterial balance is crucial for:

  • Breaking down complex nutrients
  • Synthesizing certain vitamins
  • Maintaining gut barrier integrity
  • Supporting immune function

Understanding Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)

What is SIBO?

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth occurs when bacteria that normally reside in the large intestine migrate and proliferate in the small intestine, where bacterial populations should be minimal.

SIBO Complications

Excessive bacterial growth in the small intestine can lead to:

  • Nutrient malabsorption
  • Bloating and discomfort
  • Inflammation
  • Compromised gut barrier function

Probiotic Supplementation: A Double-Edged Sword

Timing and Selection

It is crucial to approach probiotic supplementation with careful consideration:

  • Probiotics should typically be taken after completing antibiotic treatment
  • Selection should be based on documented deficiencies through intestinal microbiome testing
  • Random probiotic supplementation can be ineffective or potentially harmful

Risks of Improper Supplementation

Traditional probiotics may exacerbate certain conditions:

  • Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species can multiply in the small intestine
  • Excessive growth of even beneficial bacteria can contribute to SIBO
  • Indiscriminate probiotic use may worsen existing gut imbalances

Using an inappropriate probiotic may not have any positive effects and could even harm you. Overgrowth of beneficial bacteria can lead to SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth). Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium species are commonly found in probiotics, but these bacteria can multiply in the small intestine, where they shouldn’t reside. Since most probiotics contain these strains, taking them while dealing with SIBO can worsen the condition, essentially fueling the problem.

It’s essential to understand the composition of your intestinal flora before choosing a probiotic. To reduce SIBO symptoms, soil-based probiotics are recommended. These innovative bacterial strains produce bioavailable antioxidants and riboflavin at the absorption site, supporting digestive health.

Soil-based probiotics are particularly beneficial because they don’t aggravate SIBO symptoms. Unlike other probiotics, they don’t colonize or feed bacteria in the small intestine. Instead, they multiply in the colon, which helps support overall gut health. Additionally, soil-based probiotics are known to produce riboflavin (vitamin B2), a vital nutrient that supports the digestive system and aids in the proper absorption of nutrients, further promoting gut health without worsening SIBO.

The Innovation of Soil-Based Probiotics

Advantages of Soil-Based Organisms (SBOs)

Soil-based probiotics offer unique benefits:

  • Production of bioavailable antioxidants
  • Generation of riboflavin at absorption sites
  • Natural transit through the small intestine
  • Proper colonization in the large intestine

Riboflavin Production

Riboflavin’s importance in digestive health:

  • Essential nutrient for digestive system maintenance
  • Supports cellular energy production
  • Aids in nutrient metabolism
  • Contributes to gut barrier integrity

Colonization Patterns

Soil-based probiotics demonstrate superior colonization characteristics:

  • Do not colonize the small intestine
  • Begin multiplication in the colon
  • Avoid contributing to SIBO
  • Support natural gut flora balance

Best Practices for Probiotic Implementation

Assessment and Testing

Before starting probiotics:

  • Conduct comprehensive intestinal microbiome testing
  • Identify specific bacterial deficiencies
  • Consider current gut health status
  • Consult with healthcare professionals

Monitoring and Adjustment

During probiotic supplementation:

  • Track symptom changes
  • Adjust dosage as needed
  • Monitor for adverse reactions
  • Regular reassessment of gut health

Clinical Considerations

Patient-Specific Approaches

Treatment should be tailored to individual needs:

  • Consider existing health conditions
  • Account for medication interactions
  • Evaluate lifestyle factors
  • Assess dietary patterns

Integration with Other Treatments

Probiotic therapy should be part of a comprehensive approach:

  • Dietary modifications
  • Stress management
  • Lifestyle adjustments
  • Other therapeutic interventions as needed

Conclusion

Restoring and maintaining optimal gut health requires a sophisticated understanding of the microbiome and careful selection of probiotic supplements. Soil-based probiotics represent an innovative approach for supporting digestive health, particularly in cases of SIBO or other gut imbalances. However, success depends on proper testing, selection, and implementation of probiotic therapy as part of a comprehensive treatment strategy.

References

  1. Quigley EMM. (2019). Gut microbiome as a clinical tool in gastrointestinal disease management: are we there yet? Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 14(5), 315-320.
  2. Sanders ME, et al. (2019). Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 16(10), 605-616.
  3. Leblhuber F, et al. (2018). Probiotics in the Treatment of Depression: Science or Fiction? Nutrients, 10(6), 752.
  4. Zmora N, et al. (2018). Personalized Gut Mucosal Colonization Resistance to Empiric Probiotics Is Associated with Unique Host and Microbiome Features. Cell, 174(6), 1388-1405.
  5. Rao SSC, et al. (2018). Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Clinical Features and Therapeutic Management. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 16(6), 823-832.
Exploring the Link Between Essential Elements and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Study Review

Exploring the Link Between Essential Elements and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Study Review

Microbiome and Gut health

GABA and autism connection

The gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms that play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. Recent research has suggested that there may be a link between the gut microbiome and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this article, we will explore what we currently know about the connection between the gut microbiome and autism.

Several studies have found differences in the gut microbiome of individuals with ASD compared to those without the disorder. A 2017 study published in the journal Microbiome found that children with ASD had lower levels of certain gut bacteria, including Prevotella and Coprococcus, and higher levels of others, such as Desulfovibrio, compared to children without the disorder.

Another study published in the journal Molecular Autism found that children with ASD had a less diverse gut microbiome compared to typically developing children.

These differences in the gut microbiome could potentially impact the communication between the gut and the brain, known as the gut-brain axis.

This could potentially affect brain development and contribute to the development of ASD. One theory is that changes in the gut microbiome could lead to an increase in the production of certain metabolites that play a role in brain function and behavior.

While more research is needed to fully understand the link between the gut microbiome and autism, there is some evidence to suggest that interventions that improve gut health could have a positive impact on the symptoms of ASD.

A 2019 study published in the journal Nutrients found that a gluten-free, casein-free diet improved both gut symptoms and behavioral symptoms in children with ASD.

Another study published in the journal Beneficial Microbes found that probiotic supplements improved both gut symptoms and behavior in children with ASD.

It’s important to note that while these studies are promising, more research is needed before we can draw firm conclusions about the link between the gut microbiome and autism. However, this area of research has the potential to offer new insights into the causes and treatment of this complex disorder.

One potential avenue for further research is the use of fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs) to improve gut health in individuals with ASD. FMTs involve transferring fecal matter from a healthy donor into the gastrointestinal tract of a recipient.

While FMTs have primarily been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, such as Clostridioides difficile infection, there is some evidence to suggest that they could also be effective in improving gut health in individuals with ASD.

A 2020 study published in the journal Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology found that FMTs improved both gut symptoms and behavioral symptoms in children with ASD. Another study published in the journal Translational Psychiatry found that FMTs improved gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with ASD, but did not have a significant impact on behavioral symptoms.

While FMTs are still considered an experimental treatment for ASD and more research is needed to fully understand their safety and efficacy, they offer a potential avenue for improving gut health in individuals with this complex disorder.

In conclusion, the potential link between the gut microbiome and autism is an exciting area of research. While the exact nature of this link is not yet fully understood, there is some evidence to suggest that interventions that improve gut health could have a positive impact on the symptoms of ASD. As researchers continue to explore this connection, we may gain new insights into the causes of autism and new avenues for treatment.

Resources

Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia” by Aleksandra Tomova, Veronika Husarova, Silvia Lakatosova, Jan Bakos, Barbora Vlkova, Katarina Babinska, and Daniela Ostatnikova: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24798823/
– “Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis” by H. Hemilä and J. Chalker: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7319190/
– “Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review” by S. Kang, S. Kim, and J. Lee: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7483089/
– “Gut microbiota and autism: key concepts and findings” by C. de Theije, K. Wopereis, H. Beggs, H. van den Bogert, E. G. de Vries, and A. D. Jansen: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045141/

 

Gut microbiome

Gut microbiome

Microbiome and Gut health

Gut Feeling: Could Improving Gut Health Help Treat Autism?

GABA and autism connection

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and social interaction. While the exact cause of ASD is still unknown, recent research has suggested that there may be a link between the gut microbiome and the development of this disorder. In this article, we will explore the potential for improving gut health to help treat autism.

The gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms that play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. Recent studies have found differences in the gut microbiome of individuals with ASD compared to those without the disorder. These differences in the gut microbiome could potentially impact the communication between the gut and the brain, known as the gut-brain axis. This could potentially affect brain development and contribute to the development of ASD.

Butyrate and its Neurologycal impact

Butyrate: Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid produced by certain gut bacteria during the fermentation of dietary fibers. It serves as a primary energy source for cells lining the colon and has anti-inflammatory properties. Butyrate has been implicated in regulating various physiological processes, including neurological function.
Butyrate has been shown to affect gene expression and cellular processes in the brain. Animal studies have suggested that butyrate may have neuroprotective effects and influence brain development and behavior.

Dysbiosis

One theory is that changes in the gut microbiome or dysbiosis could lead to an increase in the production of certain metabolites that play a role in brain function and behavior. This could potentially contribute to the development of ASD symptoms, such as repetitive behaviors and social deficits.

Several studies have found that probiotics can improve gut symptoms and behavioral symptoms in children with ASD. A 2016 study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology found that a probiotic supplement improved gastrointestinal symptoms and decreased repetitive behaviors in children with ASD. Another study published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry found that a probiotic supplement improved both gut symptoms and social skills in children with ASD.

In addition to probiotics, dietary changes can also improve gut health and potentially improve ASD symptoms. A gluten-free, casein-free diet has been shown to improve both gut symptoms and behavioral symptoms in children with ASD. A 2019 study published in the journal Nutrients found that children with ASD who followed a gluten-free, casein-free diet had significant improvements in both gut symptoms and behavioral symptoms compared to a control group.

​

Another dietary intervention that has shown promise is the use of prebiotics, which are non-digestible carbohydrates that promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. A 2019 study published in the journal Nutritional Neuroscience found that a prebiotic supplement improved both gut symptoms and behavioral symptoms in children with ASD. Before using any kind of probiotic supplement, a microbiome test should be applied.

While the use of probiotics and dietary changes show promise in improving gut health and potentially improving ASD symptoms, it’s important to note that more research is needed in this area. It’s also important to work with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate interventions for each individual with ASD.

In conclusion, the link between the gut microbiome and autism is an exciting area of research. While more research is needed to fully understand the connection between gut health and ASD, interventions

Resources
  1. – “Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia” by Aleksandra Tomova, Veronika Husarova, Silvia Lakatosova, Jan Bakos, Barbora Vlkova, Katarina Babinska, and Daniela Ostatnikova: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24798823/
  2. – “Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis” by H. Hemilä and J. Chalker: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7319190/
  3. – “Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review” by S. Kang, S. Kim, and J. Lee: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7483089/
  4. – “Gut microbiota and autism: key concepts and findings” by C. de Theije, K. Wopereis, H. Beggs, H. van den Bogert, E. G. de Vries, and A. D. Jansen: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045141/
    1. Son, J. S., Zheng, L. J., Rowehl, L. M., Tian, X., Zhang, Y., Zhu, W., … & Loparo, J. J. (2015). Comparison of fecal microbiota in children with autism spectrum disorders and neurotypical siblings in the Simons Simplex Collection. PloS one, 10(10), e0137725.
    2. Tomova, A., Husarova, V., Lakatosova, S., Bakos, J., Vlkova, B., Babinska, K., & Ostatnikova, D. (2015). Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia. Physiology & behavior, 138, 179-187

 

Gut symptoms

Gut symptoms

Microbiome and Gut health

Could Improving Gut Health Help Treat Autism?

Recent studies have found differences in the gut microbiome of individuals with ASD compared to those without the disorder. These differences in the gut microbiome could potentially impact the communication between the gut and the brain, known as the gut-brain axis. This could potentially affect brain development and contribute to the development of ASD.

One theory is that changes in the gut microbiome could lead to an increase in the production of certain metabolites that play a role in brain function and behavior. This could potentially contribute to the development of ASD symptoms, such as repetitive behaviors and social deficits.

Given the potential link between the gut microbiome and ASD, interventions that improve gut health could have a positive impact on the symptoms of this disorder. One potential intervention is the use of probiotics, which are live microorganisms that can improve the balance of the gut microbiome.

Several studies have found that probiotics can improve gut symptoms and behavioral symptoms in children with ASD. A 2016 study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology found that a probiotic supplement improved gastrointestinal symptoms and decreased repetitive behaviors in children with ASD. Another study published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry found that a probiotic supplement improved both gut symptoms and social skills in children with ASD.

In addition to probiotics, dietary changes can also improve gut health and potentially improve ASD symptoms. A gluten-free, casein-free diet has been shown to improve both gut symptoms and behavioral symptoms in children with ASD. A 2019 study published in the journal Nutrients found that children with ASD who followed a gluten-free, casein-free diet had significant improvements in both gut symptoms and behavioral symptoms compared to a control group.

Another dietary intervention that has shown promise is the use of prebiotics, which are non-digestible carbohydrates that promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. A 2019 study published in the journal Nutritional Neuroscience found that a prebiotic supplement improved both gut symptoms and behavioral symptoms in children with ASD.

While the use of probiotics and dietary changes show promise in improving gut health and potentially improving ASD symptoms, it’s important to note that more research is needed in this area.

Resources

• “Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia” by Aleksandra Tomova, Veronika Husarova, Silvia Lakatosova, Jan Bakos, Barbora Vlkova, Katarina Babinska, and Daniela Ostatnikova: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24798823/
• “Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis” by H. Hemilä and J. Chalker: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7319190/
• “Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review” by S. Kang, S. Kim, and J. Lee: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7483089/
• “Gut microbiota and autism: key concepts and findings” by C. de Theije, K. Wopereis, H. Beggs, H. van den Bogert, E. G. de Vries, and A. D. Jansen: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045141/

 

Unlocking the Health Benefits of Butyrate: The Power of a Gut-Healthy Fatty Acid

Unlocking the Health Benefits of Butyrate: The Power of a Gut-Healthy Fatty Acid

Microbiome and Gut health, Natural medicines

GABA and autism connection

The human body is a remarkable and intricate system of interconnections. One such fascinating connection lies within our gut – a vast ecosystem of microorganisms known as the gut microbiota. This community of “good bacteria” plays a crucial role in maintaining our overall health and well-being. Among the numerous byproducts generated by these microbes, one stands out for its potent health-promoting properties – butyrate.

What is Butyrate?

Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, is produced by certain gut bacteria through the fermentation of dietary fibers. It serves as an essential energy source for the cells lining the colon and plays a vital role in maintaining a healthy gut environment. Apart from its role as an energy provider, butyrate boasts several health benefits, earning it the reputation of a “gut-healthy” fatty acid.

Butyrate and Gut Health

One of the primary roles of butyrate is in promoting gut health. By nourishing the cells lining the colon, it helps maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier. This barrier acts as a selective gatekeeper, preventing harmful substances from entering the bloodstream and promoting the absorption of essential nutrients.

A healthy intestinal barrier contributes to improved digestion and immune function while reducing the risk of inflammation and digestive disorders.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Inflammation is a natural response of the body to injury or infection, but chronic inflammation can lead to various health issues. Butyrate has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties, helping to regulate the body’s immune response. By curbing inflammation, butyrate may help alleviate symptoms in conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Potential Impact on Brain Health

Research exploring the gut-brain axis – the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain – has shed light on the potential impact of butyrate on brain health. Studies in animals have suggested that butyrate may influence gene expression and cellular processes in the brain, potentially supporting cognitive function and even offering neuroprotective effects. While more research is needed in this area, these early findings are intriguing and offer exciting possibilities for future investigations.

Weight Management and Metabolic Health

Some studies have indicated that butyrate might play a role in weight management and metabolic health. It has been associated with improved insulin sensitivity and may help regulate appetite and reduce fat storage. However, it’s important to note that while butyrate shows promise in this area, maintaining a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle remain the cornerstones of weight management and metabolic well-being.

Sources of Butyrate

Ensuring adequate levels of butyrate in the gut involves maintaining a balanced and fiber-rich diet. Foods that are high in dietary fiber, such as whole grains, vegetables, and legumes, can serve as fuel for gut bacteria to produce butyrate. Additionally, fermented foods like yogurt and sauerkraut may also provide a source of beneficial gut bacteria that contribute to butyrate production.

The Future of Butyrate Research

While much progress has been made in understanding the potential health benefits of butyrate, the field of gut microbiota research is still relatively young. As scientists delve deeper into the intricacies of the gut-brain axis and the role of butyrate in various physiological processes, we can expect more exciting discoveries in the future.

Conclusion

Butyrate, the gut-healthy fatty acid, is a remarkable example of the intricate relationship between our gut and overall health. From promoting gut integrity and mitigating inflammation to potentially supporting brain health and metabolic well-being, butyrate demonstrates its versatile potential as a health-promoting compound. By maintaining a balanced diet and nurturing our gut microbiota through fiber-rich foods, we can unlock the powerful benefits of butyrate and pave the way for a healthier and happier life.

As with any health-related information, it’s essential to consult with healthcare professionals for personalized advice and recommendations. Embracing the journey of understanding the gut-brain connection and the wonders of butyrate might indeed hold the key to unlocking a healthier future.

Resources

 

 

The link between diet and microbiome

The link between diet and microbiome

Microbiome and Gut health, Weight loss

diet and microbiome

The composition of the microbiome of the intestinal flora is influenced by several external and internal environmental factors: genetics, age, gender, and so on. Of all the external factors examined so far, dietary habits have the greatest effect on the composition of the intestinal flora.

Recent studies have suggested that the intestinal microbiome plays an important role in modulating the risk of several chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. At the same time, it is now understood that diet plays a significant role in shaping the microbiome, with experiments showing that dietary alterations can induce large, temporary microbial shifts within 24 h. Given this association, there may be significant therapeutic utility in altering microbial composition through diet. (1)

Stool microbiome studies show that the composition of the intestinal flora responds dynamically to the introduction of a new diet, however, if this new diet lasts only a short time, it is not sufficient to permanently restore the dysbiosis seen in diabetes, for example.

Differences in the microbiota are influenced by the housing location, hospitalization, rehabilitation, long-term home care, and diet. Microbiotas of people under long-term care are significantly less diverse than others and the elderly living separately are weaker, more fallible. Deteriorating health is indicated by the change in the structure of the gut microbiota, caused by the diet (2).

The composition of the gut microbiota is also influenced by fiber intake, even during adulthood. The effect of the fibers is that the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio increases, because of an increase in the number of the former, however, the body mass index is not related to this. The total of the bacterial genes of fiber consumers was similar but different from the microbiome of those ignoring fiber (3).

Food choice is manipulated by the microbiota, but at the same time, the microbiota can be manipulated also by food choice. Gut microbes can send signals to the brain through neural connections (nervus vagus), and thus urge people to consume foods that are necessary for optimal living conditions of the microbiota and the suppression of their competitors, regardless of whether this is beneficial for the „host” or not. The usual diet is satisfactory for certain members of the microbiota, but maybe it is not for others, and these can modify desires for food. For example, Prevotella requires carbohydrates for propagation, while dietary fibers mean a competitive advantage for Bifidobacteria, and it is exactly this competition that determines which group stays alive and becomes dominant. In overweight / obese individuals, an imbalance of the intestinal flora is also observed.

A microbiome study of people with a Western lifestyle found that a diet high in fiber and carbohydrates increased the proportion of Prevotella bacteria, while a diet rich in fat and protein favored the Bacteroides group. In overweight individuals who have been on a low-calorie, low-calorie, low-calorie diet for at least a year, the rate of Bacteroidetes: Firmicutes has increased. This change was greater the more weight the subjects in the experiment managed to get rid of. Also in the study of obese/overweight individuals, it was found that after a 6 + 6-week low-calorie, protein-rich diet, their metabolism was improved and the species richness of the intestinal flora was increased. However, the same change was negligible for individuals who had a more species-rich intestinal flora from the beginning.

To assert their interests, microbes quasi capture the nervous system of the host organism by exploiting the microbiome-gut-brain axis. In addition to the neural pathway, microbes can modify the secretion and operation of hormones influencing mood and behavior (dopamine, serotonin), and of certain receptors (e.g. taste), and can modify dietary preferences. Prebiotics, probiotics, fecal transplants, dietary changes can modify the microbiome even within a single day.

Now we know that gut microorganisms have been shown to play a role in a wide range of human diseases, including obesity, psoriasis, autism, and mood disorders. The close relationship between diet, the gut microbiome, and health suggests that we may improve our health by modulating our diet.
Further investigations have revealed more specific roles for some bacterial species in mediating host immunity and immunologic diseases. For example, the segmented filamentous bacteria have been found to promote autoimmune arthritis. On the other hand, lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria are known to secrete factors that dampen inflammation

Intestinal SCFAs have also been shown to protect against allergic airway inflammation and decrease the secretion of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Besides immunity, gut microorganisms have also been shown to impact host metabolic health. Individuals with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes have been shown to have intestinal dysbiosis in relation to healthy individuals. Further characterization of the link between the gut microbiome and obesity has revealed several bacterial groups that may specifically contribute to the disease. In particular, obese individuals have a high baseline Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. In these subjects, reduction of caloric intake was noted to lower the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. Intriguingly, hosts with a gut microbiome dominated by Firmicutes have altered methylation in the promoters of genes that are linked to cardiovascular disease and obesity. Additionally, Lactobacillus spp. has been shown to alleviate obesity-associated metabolic complications. The beneficial effects of Lactobacillus may be attributed to interactions with obesity-promoting bacteria in the gut and direct modulation of host immunity and gut barrier function. (4)

Although microbiome testing has undergone tremendous development over the past decade, the exact role of the intestinal microbiome in the development and maintenance of obesity, diabetes, or other disease remains unanswered. Despite, the next generation microbiome testing can help to detect all species of bacteria and along with the use of the existing knowledge it is now possible to develop some kind of therapies, recommend targeted diets that can help to balance the microbiome and prevent the development of the above diseases by correcting dysbiosis.

 

What is Dysbiosis

What is Dysbiosis

Microbiome and Gut health

The beneficial bacteria are useful participants in our gut flora. The condition of our intestinal flora greatly affects our health. Dysbiosis is when the number of beneficial bacteria in the gut decreases and harmful bacteria, fungi, or parasites multiply. In the last ten years, we have seen a dramatic increase in the incidence of intestinal dysbiosis, in which both environmental and lifestyle factors play a major role.

Changes in the microbiome 

Changes to your gut microbiome also called your gut flora, may occur because the different organisms in your gut are not at the right levels.

As a result, a wide range of digestive tract-related symptoms happens, such as diarrhea, cramping, obstruction, bloating, and indigestion. 

When your gut microbiome loses its diversity of bacteria, it can increase your risk of getting a chronic disease.

When your gut microbiome gets imbalanced and dysbiosis happens you are more likely to have stomach, intestinal skin, or other health conditions. Do these conditions include?

IBS, IBD

Cardiovascular problems

Obesity

Central nervous system disorders

Diabetes

Chron, Colitis

Allergic disorders

ADHD, Autism

Histamine intolerance, MCAS

There are at least 400 species of bacteria found in mainly our large intestine. They are essential for overall health as they aid in digestion, fight off pathogenic microorganisms, and synthesize vitamins.

There are three types of dysbiosis

Type 1. the number of good bacteria from your gut has been decreased

Type 2. harmful bacteria are already proliferated

Type 3. you lost your overall gut microbiome diversity. This means you lost both the good and the bad bacteria

What can cause dysbiosis

Excessive or wrong use of antibiotics,

Excessive alcohol consumption,

Increased intake of sugar or protein,

Frequent use of antacids,

Exposure to pesticides,

Chronic stress

Poor dental hygiene 

How to rebalance your microbiome

First of all, you need to rule out other possible causes of your digestive symptoms such as SIBO or parasites. For proper treatment, you should test your microbiome to detect the pathogens that are colonized in your gut, and probiotics that are missing.

Personalized supplement recommendations are fundamental for success and you will need to follow a microbiome diet for at least  6 weeks.