What is Dysbiosis

What is Dysbiosis

Microbiome and Gut health

The beneficial bacteria are useful participants in our gut flora. The condition of our intestinal flora greatly affects our health. Dysbiosis is when the number of beneficial bacteria in the gut decreases and harmful bacteria, fungi, or parasites multiply. In the last ten years, we have seen a dramatic increase in the incidence of intestinal dysbiosis, in which both environmental and lifestyle factors play a major role.

Changes in the microbiome 

Changes to your gut microbiome also called your gut flora, may occur because the different organisms in your gut are not at the right levels.

As a result, a wide range of digestive tract-related symptoms happens, such as diarrhea, cramping, obstruction, bloating, and indigestion. 

When your gut microbiome loses its diversity of bacteria, it can increase your risk of getting a chronic disease.

When your gut microbiome gets imbalanced and dysbiosis happens you are more likely to have stomach, intestinal skin, or other health conditions. Do these conditions include?

IBS, IBD

Cardiovascular problems

Obesity

Central nervous system disorders

Diabetes

Chron, Colitis

Allergic disorders

ADHD, Autism

Histamine intolerance, MCAS

There are at least 400 species of bacteria found in mainly our large intestine. They are essential for overall health as they aid in digestion, fight off pathogenic microorganisms, and synthesize vitamins.

There are three types of dysbiosis

Type 1. the number of good bacteria from your gut has been decreased

Type 2. harmful bacteria are already proliferated

Type 3. you lost your overall gut microbiome diversity. This means you lost both the good and the bad bacteria

What can cause dysbiosis

Excessive or wrong use of antibiotics,

Excessive alcohol consumption,

Increased intake of sugar or protein,

Frequent use of antacids,

Exposure to pesticides,

Chronic stress

Poor dental hygiene 

How to rebalance your microbiome

First of all, you need to rule out other possible causes of your digestive symptoms such as SIBO or parasites. For proper treatment, you should test your microbiome to detect the pathogens that are colonized in your gut, and probiotics that are missing.

Personalized supplement recommendations are fundamental for success and you will need to follow a microbiome diet for at least  6 weeks.

Is your child a picky eater?

Is your child a picky eater?

Gut-Brain Axis, Microbiome and Gut health

Is your child a picky eater

Many parents have trouble understanding and coping with their children’s picky eating habits. Children who are picky eaters have a strong sense of independence and self-determination.

What is picky eating?

Picky eating refers to a pattern of behavior in which a person is selective or picky about the foods they will eat, often eating only a narrow range of familiar and preferred foods and avoiding or rejecting new or different foods. It can be a normal part of childhood development, but in some cases, it can become persistent and problematic, leading to a limited and inadequate diet and potentially to nutritional deficiencies or other health problems.

What is the connection between picky eating and autism?

Picky eating is commonly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies have found that children with autism are more likely to have particular eating habits, which can cause nutritional deficiencies and other health problems. The reasons for the higher incidence of picky eating among individuals with autism are not well understood, but it is thought to be related to sensory sensitivities, difficulties with transitions and change, and an overall preference for routine and structure in their environment, including in their diet.
It’s important to note that while picky eating is common in individuals with autism, not all individuals with autism have picky eating habits, and not all individuals with picky eating habits have autism. If a child is having difficulty with feeding or nutrition, it’s recommended to seek the advice of a healthcare professional.

Is there any relation between picky eating and neurotransmitters?

Some evidence suggests that picky eating may be related to neurotransmitter imbalances in the brain. Neurotransmitters regulate mood, appetite, and other bodily functions.
For example, low serotonin levels, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood and appetite, have been associated with increased food cravings, impulsivity, and compulsive behaviors, which can contribute to picky eating. Similarly, low levels of dopamine, which is involved in motivation and reward, have been linked to decreased interest in food and reduced pleasure in eating.
However, while there is a relationship between neurotransmitter imbalances and picky eating, it is complex and not fully understood.

How to balance neurotransmitter levels in the brain?

There are several ways to balance neurotransmitter levels in the brain:
1. Diet: Consuming a healthy, balanced diet with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats can help support neurotransmitter balance.
2. Exercise: Regular physical activity has been shown to increase the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine, endorphins, and serotonin, which can help improve mood and reduce stress.
3. Stress management: Chronic stress can disrupt neurotransmitter balance. Practicing stress-reducing activities such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing can help.
4. Sleep: Getting enough sleep is important for maintaining neurotransmitter balance. Poor sleep can disrupt neurotransmitter levels, while adequate sleep can help support neurotransmitter function.
5. Supplements: Some people may benefit from natural supplements like amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that support neurotransmitter production and function. However, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

So neurotransmitter synthesis can affect the eating habits of a child. If you experience that your child is a picky eater, you should test his methylation and microbiome state to rule out methylation dysfunction and probable pathogens from the gut that can affect neurotransmitter synthesis.

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The Autism Guide

ou will find more details in the AUTISM GUIDE

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Resources
Some facts about the relation of Autism and gut microbiome

Some facts about the relation of Autism and gut microbiome

Microbiome and Gut health

autism and gut microbiome

The relationship between autism and gut microbiome is another area of science that has received much attention. It is now well known that 30-50% of people with autism suffer from significant gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome, and more have microbiome imbalance.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severe neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorder. Cognitive disabilities, communication disorders, repetitive patterns of behavior, and limited social interaction and communication are primary signs of autism. Most gastrointestinal problems associated with autism suggest that it is not merely a psychiatric disorder, as many claims, but has a physiological basis, and alleviating gastrointestinal problems can help relieve symptoms. bIntestinal dysbiosis or microbial imbalance can disrupt the coordination of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, which is important in human mental health; as the common saying goes, “fix your gut, fix your brain”.

Microbes in the gut

It has long been a mystery why, but there is now excellent evidence that the complex community of microbes plays a vital role in human development and is essential for a healthy immune and endocrine system as well as the brain.
Some scientists believe that disturbing the natural balance of these “good” bacteria could be a possible cause of autism. Antibiotics, for example, are commonly used in infants in Western societies and are known to kill “good bacteria” along with the “bad” bacteria for which they are prescribed.

Differences in the microbial community humans can rely on during evolution can disrupt brain development and lead to autism. The evidence for this possible cause of autism is not strong, but significant research will be conducted in this area in the coming years.

Autism and gut microbiome

Writing about intestinal health issues can be tricky since so many kinds of issues affect each person in unique ways. However, one thing is certain across the board: the correlation between gastrointestinal health and mental development. Here are some other interesting findings regarding intestinal health and its relationship to autism.

What we know

The gut microbiome is a diverse ecosystem of microorganisms living within the intestinal tract that can impact physical, mental, and social health. In recent years, there has been growing interest in understanding how the gut microbiome may affect autism. Research is still ongoing in this area, but some individuals with autism may be missing key organisms necessary for proper brain development. Several studies have shown differences in microbiota composition and microbial metabolites in children with ASD. The connection between gut microbiota and ASD symptoms may be based on the gut-brain axis and immune, hormonal or neuronal pathways. Researchers found strong associations between gut microbiota and ASD symptoms. Studies in mice suggest that the gut microbiome can influence our behavior by acting through the gut-brain axis.

The gut microbiome has recently been shown to impact the development of autism and other neurological disorders.

Recent findings in the field of microbiology show a direct link between brain activity and gut microbes due to the gut-brain axis, demonstrating that the gut microbiota may influence several neurological disorders, such as autism. As we already know, the microbial fermentation of plant-based fibers can produce different levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which will have different outcomes but definitely affects the gut and the neurological development of autistic children. Intestinal dysbiosis has also been linked to an increased risk for neurobehavioral disorders like autism spectrum disorder. Research has shown that some ASD patients are suffering from gastrointestinal distress; therefore, evidence suggests a direct connection between their conditions due to the increased presence of microbes within their guts. Further study into what makes up this connection—the so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis—may even lead researchers to develop potential treatments for neurological disorders that cause fewer side effects than others (Krajmalnik-Brown et al., 2015).
Restoring the gut microbiome and following a restricted diet free from gluten and casein can help with the symptoms of autism

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Interested
Resources

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.915701/full#B61

COVID and Histamine

COVID and Histamine

Histamine intolerance and MCAS, Immunity

The link between long-COVID and Histamine

The link between long-COVID and Histamine is already apparent. Long-COVID is also referred to as ‘post-COVID syndrome.’ It is defined as symptoms that develop during or following an infection consistent with COVID-19 and persist for more than 12 weeks and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis.

 

 

 

Studies show that COVID-19 has similar symptoms to the symptoms of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) and Histamine Intolerance. Therefore treatment of MCAS or HIT can be a possible treatment also for COVID.

There is a growing number of people with long-covid, and their symptoms present in some ways similar to patients with mast-cell-driven inflammation.

Symptoms of long-COVID

Breathlessness, cough, chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia, brain fog, loss of memory, loss of concentration, sleep disturbance, headache, numbness, dizziness, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, reduced appetite, fatigue, fever, joint pain, loss of taste and smell, muscle pain, symptoms of depression, anxiety, tinnitus, sore throat, skin rashes

Prevalence of Long-COVID

“37.7% of the participants reported one or more symptoms lasting 12 weeks or more” (1) and one-third of the participants reported that their Long COVID symptoms significantly affected their daily lives.

Covid and Histamine

There is limited guidance on managing Long COVID, but some doctors have started suggesting a low histamine diet. This recommendation is because COVID-19 symptoms have similarities to the symptoms of MCAS (Mast cell activation syndrome) and Histamine Intolerance.

Mast cell activation syndrome is a complex condition whereby mast cell releases mediators (such as histamine) in response to some kind of triggers, which causes a wide range of symptoms affecting multiple body systems. According to the theory, MCAS could trigger long-COVID symptoms, where mast cells release excess histamine in response to viral infection.

One study suggests that hyperinflammation in COVID-19 can lead to dysfunctional mast cells or mast cell degranulation when mast cells release inflammatory mediators.

Low Histamine Diet

The low histamine diet can help in managing Long COVID; however, if mast cells release too much histamine, the diet won’t be enough. If someone is eating a low-histamine food, their symptoms will improve but won’t disappear for long, and there is not enough evidence to suggest this will be helpful for everyone. There are studies on the effect of the natural antihistamine Quercetin, which is a good antihistamine in the case of long Covid.

Covid and antihistamines

Early treatment of symptomatic COVID-19 patients with antihistamines and azithromycin, had excellent outcomes.

COVID and QUERCETIN

In the covid patient group receiving Quercetin, laboratory markers and results showed improvement after the administration of Quercetin. Quercetin, as a common flavonoid of many fruits and vegetables such as high capers, lovage, and tea (Camellia sinensis), is proven to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 binding to the human cell via virus-specific protease and viral S-protein S-human ACE-2 interface (Nair et al., 2002; Uchida et al., 2011; Gormaz et al., 2015).

Lactoferrin for iron defficiency

Lactoferrin for iron defficiency

Autism and Genes, Baby care, Microbiome and Gut health

Lactoferrin for iron deficiency

Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein found in the milk of mammals such as humans therefore it can help with iron deficiency.

 

 

 

If you are constantly tired or short of breath after a little exercise, you probably have an iron deficiency. SIBO, or a parasitic infection, almost always causes iron deficiency.

If you are iron deficient, you should take LACTOFERRIN along with iron-rich foods to utilize the iron instead of just letting it circulate in your blood and cause oxidative stress.

Symptoms of iron deficiency

  • fatigue
  • weakness
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • pallor
  • hair loss
  • palpitations
  • throat tightness
  • swallowing disorders
  • reduction of load capacity

Lactoferrin has been found to exert physiological effects such as antimicrobial and antiviral activity, modulation of cell growth, and immunomodulatory effects. It was also found that the iron binding capacity of LF is about 300 times greater than that of transferrin. (9) It has been confirmed that LF regulates iron absorption.10-13) Recently, oral lactoferrin has been reported to increase serum hemoglobin and total iron in pregnant women.

Anemia is commonly observed in athletes, especially endurance athletes, and is referred to as sports anemia or in children or pregnant women. In particular, long-distance runners who menstruate and strictly control their weight can easily develop sports anemia.

LF significantly improved the hematological parameters. Our results suggest that it might be useful to take not only iron but also LF (an iron-binding protein) for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia.

If ferrous salts are circulating in the blood because the body cannot utilize them, then they are causing severe oxidative stress. Lactoferrin helps to bind and utilize serum iron, therefore also preventing oxidation.

In addition to Lactoferrin, you should do the following to increase your iron levels and improve your iron deficiency:

  • Eat foods rich in iron
    Meat and eggs
    Beetroot
    leafy greens
    Sesame
    Spinach
    Sweet potatoes
    Pea
    Broccoli
    Green beans
    Turnips
    Cereals
    Strawberry
    Watermelon
    Raisins
    Dates
    figures
    Prunes
    Sesame
  • Introducing Huminiqum
  • Screening for digestive system inflammations
  • Virus removal
  • Identification of drugs that inhibit iron absorption
Resources

 

Whey Protein

Whey Protein

Health, Methylation, Microbiome and Gut health

whey protein

Terra Origin – whey protein

Probably you did not know until now, that whey protein isolate could increase intracellular GSH (glutathione) concentrations and protect against oxidant-induced cell death all over the body, including gut cells. 

Whey Protein assists the body in maintaining optimal concentrations of Glutathione (GSH) by supplying the precursors required for intracellular glutathione synthesis. 

Glutathione is a tripeptide made intracellularly from its constituent amino acids L-glutamate, L-cysteine, and glycine. The sulfhydryl (thiol) group (SH) of cysteine is responsible for the biological activity of Glutathione. The provision of this amino acid is the rate-limiting factor in glutathione synthesis by the cells since bioavailable cysteine is relatively rare in foodstuffs.

Glutathione is a master antioxidant and has several health benefits; among others, Glutathione is present in the entire intestinal mucosa, where it traps and neutralizes potential toxins before they are absorbed into the body. Glutathione protects the intestinal wall, which, if weakened, can lead to a leaking / permeable intestinal problem. See more benefits here: Glutathione

Resources

Main resources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12537959/

file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/JournalofWoundCareGutmanpapercopy.pdf

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669089/full

https://www.pdr.net/full-prescribing-information/Immunocal-cysteine-257

Butyric acid

Butyric acid

Autism and Genes, Gut-Brain Axis, Health, Histamine intolerance and MCAS, Microbiome and Gut health

Butyric acid is a short-chain fatty acid believed in providing optimal benefit to the gastrointestinal tract. It is highly produced in the gut by bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates such as dietary fiber.Butyric acid has been scientifically shown to support and promote the health of the GI tract and microbiome.

 

 

Butyrate is an essential source of energy for the intestinal epithelium. It plays a crucial role in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, protecting immune function and mucous membranes. Butyrate has antitumor activity and antimicrobial effect against the most enteric pathogens, thereby significantly improving the composition of gut microflora.

Indigestible carbohydrates (prebiotics) increase colonic butyrate concentration, which is thought to be responsible for its beneficial effects. In inflammation caused by oxidative stress, damage to the integrity of cell-cell connections and an increase in cell permeability may occur, depending on the extent and duration of the oxidative effect.
The therapeutic value of the protective n-butyrate improves the intestinal epithelium’s barrier function, maintains a healthy intestinal flora, and promotes the regeneration of intestinal epithelial cells.

Butyric acid treatment

Decrease in cell layer resistance induced by acute oxidative stress after low-dose butyrate treatment decreased, indicating that the role of a mechanical barrier is strengthened. Based on experimental results, the composition of the intestinal flora has become favorable.
The number of beneficial lactic acid bacteria and the amount of L-lactic acid they produce in the small intestine also increased. Butyrate affects the coliform bacteria; it can also be used effectively to prevent and overcome the development of infectious conditions in the intestinal tract.

Butyrate controls pathogenic bacteria through regulating intestinal oxygen availability. Several studies have reported another important mechanism where butyrate can indirectly control pathogenic bacterial overgrowth, i.e. contributing to intestinal oxygen availability 

Specific benefits of Butyrate for the gut:

Maintenance of normal intestinal bacteria
Increased absorption of macronutrients
It is an essential element of intestinal homeostasis
Improves tight junctions in leaky gut
Improves the mucus layers of the gut
Helps gut cells to kill pathogens
Keeps the oxygen levels in the colon low
Regeneration of the intestinal mucosa
Reduces the incidence of IBS symptoms
Intestinal pain after antibiotic treatment

But Butyrate has shown benefits for the whole body

Supports mast cells and modulates histamine
Supports the immune system by lowering inflammation and helping reduce autoimmunity
May improve skin issues
May help with allergies and asthma
Can protect against alcohol-induced leaky gut and inflammation
It is considered cancer protective has shown anticancer effect
In mice, studies showed improvement in insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial density, and satiety after eating
In mice, research showed it helped the brain recover from strokes
Support weight loss with increasing Bacteroidetes in the gut. – Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are two major groups in the gut. Having more Firmicutes than Bacteroidetes is associated with weight gain and obesity.

How it works:

4 levels of leaky gut:

Loosening of the tight junctions in the gut lining – allows food and other things to pass through to the bloodstream
Loss of mucus layer in the gut
Low good bacteria species
Loss of ability to kill pathogens in the gut

Butyrate’s effect on leaky gut:

Improves the tight junctions in the gut lining
Supports healing mucus layers in the gut
Increases good bacteria in the gut
Supports cells to kill pathogens in the gut
Butyrate supports the gut at the cellular level.

Studies have shown that people who have the following conditions tend to be low in butyrate:

Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Crohn’s Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
IBS-C (constipation-dominant)
IBS-D (diarrhea-dominant)
Type 1 diabetes
Obesity
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Parkinson’s DiseaseHo
Children with allergies

How do you know whether or not you have healthy butyrate levels?

Find out the signs of low butyrate!
To have good butyrate levels, you need to know if you have the suitable microbiome species in your gut and if you need to eat enough fibers or to be fermented, and during this process, butyrate will be produced. Your butyrate levels wcorrectecrease if you don’t have the right species of bacteria or enough prebiotics in your diet.

How do you fix your butyrate levels?

You need to have butyrate-producing bacteria, but unfortunately, only one of these bacteria is available commercially – Lactobacillus rhamnosus.
So, unfortunately, there is no good recommendation to increase your butyrate levels, so you need to focus on fiber and prebiotics.

What to do, then?

You have to eat a variety of vegetables.
Increase your intake of resistant starch, but if you don’t tolerate fiber and starch, it can be a problem and leads to a vicious circle.

The only thing you can do is choose the correct type of butyrate supplement.

When choosing, you need to consider the…:

  • type of butyrate is very fragile; butyrate needs to bond with salt that stabilizes it. But research shows that tributyrin is more potent and doesn’t require digestion to break apart the chemical bonds.
    Plus, some research suggests tributyrin is safer for human consumption than butyrate salts.
  • the butyrate delivery: Butyrate will be broken down in the stomach and won’t reach the gut. To avoid this, you need to choose liposomal or so-called enteric delivery. Unfortunately, the liposomal butyrate is very smelly
  • purity (without additives)
  • easy to use
Resources

    DGL Licorice

    DGL Licorice

    Gut-Brain Axis, Microbiome and Gut health

    DGL Licorice

     

     

    There is no person who has not suffered from stomach upset at least once in their life.

    There can be various symptoms of this through acid overload to stomach pain and acid regurgitation.

    These can cause, of course, various acute and chronic diseases, all of which are: gastritis, gastric ulcer, and so on.

    Gastric complaints are often caused by an imbalance between the acidity of the stomach and its ability to protect the stomach from the irritating effects of the acids. The presence of some harmful bacteria can also cause stomach upsets. The stomach, which is produced by millions of cells on the stomach wall and is called a mucin, is responsible for protecting the stomach.

    Synthetic drugs usually neutralize acid, but the body needs it to digest food. The relief of pain caused by acid overload or stomach ulcers is achieved by taking medications that involve the stomach and gut mucosa, which also prevents digestion. These drugs eliminate the symptoms in the short term, but have harmful effects in the long run.

    What is DGL – Licorice Root Extract?

    DGL is a de-glycyrrhizinic licorice root, which means that the harmful glycyrrhizin has been removed from it. DGL thus provides a natural, unique and effective solution to stomach problems.

    A study in 16 patients with severe stomach problems showed that taking 360 mg DGL 3 times a day (with 3 main meals) reduced symptoms by an average of 78%.

    However, another study showed that DGL – Licorice Root Extract 760 mg, also 3 times a day, had the same effect as the medicines used for the same purpose (cimetidine), but without the side effects.

    Licorice root, which is considered one of the world’s oldest herbal remedies, comes from the root of the licorice plant. Licorice grows in parts of Europe and Asia. The chemicals in licorice are thought to decrease swelling, decrease cough, and increase the chemicals in our body that heal ulcers.

    Properties and effects of DGL licorice:

    • The flavonoids in the composition help stop excessive acid production
    • It increases blood circulation at the level of stomach-producing cells in the stomach wall
    • It increases the production of gastric mucus, which protects the stomach wall
    • It promotes the growth of new mucosal cells
    • DGL is de-glycyrrhizinated to avoid side effects

    How does licorice work?

    The success of this is not only due to the fact that it does not completely inhibit the production of acid in the stomach, but stimulates mucin production and the formation of mucin-producing cells by stimulating blood circulation at the level of the stomach wall.

    The only problem to long-term use is glycyrrhizin, which can increase blood pressure and water retention. However, if this ingredient is removed, this undesirable side effect will also disappear.

    Resources
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    Wijendran V, Huang MC, Diau GY, et al. Efficacy of dietary arachidonic acid provided as triglyceride or phospholipid as substrates for brain arachidonic acid accretion in baboon neonates. Pediatr Res 2002;51:265-272.

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    Goustard-Langelier B, Guesnet P, Durand G,et al. n-3 and n-6 fatty acid enrichment by dietary $sh oil and phospholipid sources in brain cortical areas and nonneural tissues of formula-fed piglets. Lipids 1999;34:5-16.

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    Maki KC, Reeves MS, Farmer M, et al. Krill oil supplementation increases plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in overweight and obese men and women. Nutr Res 2009;29:609-615.

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    Bunea R, El Farrah K, Deutsch L. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the clinical course of hyperlipidemia. Altern Med Rev 2004:9:420-428.

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    Sampalis F, Bunea R, Pelland MF, et al. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. Altern Med Rev 2003;8:171-179.

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    Deutsch L. Evaluation of the effect of Neptune Krill Oil on chronic inflammation and arthritic symptoms. J Am Coll Nutr 2007:26:39-48.

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    Chang JP, Chen YT, Su KP. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and depression: Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2009;2009:725310. Epub 2009 Sep 27.

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    Breslow J. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:1477S-1482S.

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    Calzolari I, Fumagalli S, Marchionni N, DiBari M. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Curr Pharm Des 2009;15:4094-4102.

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    No authors listed. Phosphatidylcholine. Altern Med Rev 2002;7:150-154.

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    Naguib YM. Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:1150-1154.

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    Tso P, Drake DS, Black DD, Sabesin SM. Evidence for separate pathways of chylomicron and very low-density lipoprotein assembly and transport by rat small intestine. Am J Physiol 1984;247:G599-G610.

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    Amate L, Gil A, Ramirez M. Feeding infant piglets formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids as triacylglycerols or phospholipids influences the distribution of these fatty acids in plasma lipoprotein fractions. J Nutr 2001;131:1250-1255.

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    Tandy S, Chung RW, Wat E, et al. Dietary krill oil supplementation reduces hepatic osteatosis, glycemia, and hypercholesterolemia in high-fat-fed mice. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:9339-9345.

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    Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th ed. New York, NY: Garland Science; 2002

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    Else PL, Hulbert AJ. Membranes as metabolic pacemakers. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2003;30:559-564

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    Kidd PM. Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Sep;12(3):207-27.

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    Konagai C, Yanagimoto K, Hayamizu K, Han L, Tsuji T, Koga Y. Effects of krill oil containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid form on human brain function: a randomized controlled trial in healthy elderly volunteers. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:1247-57.

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    Ebrahimi M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Rezaiean S, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements improve the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with metabolic syndrome, including markers of inflammation and auto-immunity. Acta Cardiol. 2009 Jun;64(3):321-7.

    [20]

    Derosa G, Cicero AF, Fogari E, et al. Effects of n-3 PUFAs on postprandial variation of metalloproteinases, and inflammatory and insulin resistance parameters in dyslipidemic patients: evaluation with euglycemic clamp and oral fat load. J Clin Lipidol. 2012 Nov-Dec;6(6):553-64.

    [21]

    Spencer M, Finlin BS, Unal R, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce adipose tissue macrophages in human subjects with insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2013 May;62(5):1709-17.

    [22]

    Yan Y, Jiang W, Spinetti T, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent inflammation and metabolic disorder through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Immunity. 2013 Jun 27;38(6):1154-63.

    [23]

    Valensa. FlexPro MD Clinical Trial Overview and Results. (Data on File.) 2011

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    McCann JC, Ames BN. Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:281-295.

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    Stevens LJ, Zentall SS, Abate ML, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in boys with behavior, learning, and health problems. Physiol Behav 1996;59:915-920.

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